Excavations on Cairo's westernmost outskirts have revealed what archaeologist Mark Lehner calls a "royal production center," at lower right, that fed and equipped pyramid workers at Giza. To the left lies a cemetery dug into a cliff containing some of the builders' tombs.
Archaeologists believe Egypt's large pyramids are the work of the Old Kingdom society that rose to prominence in the Nile Valley after 3000 B.C. Historical analysis tells us that the Egyptians built the Giza Pyramids in a span of 85 years between 2589 and 2504 BC.
Interest in Egyptian chronology is widespread in both popular and scholarly circles. We wanted to use science to test the accepted historical dates of several Old Kingdom monuments.
How do we know that the settlement located at the foot of the Giza Plateau belongs to the same period of time as when the Egyptians were building the pyramids? Two kinds of evidence tell us that we are excavating a 4th Dynasty site (2575-2465 BC): ceramics and sealings.