AmStd50s

The real Rosa remembered how the murderers of Emmet Till were set free by an all-white jury just two months earlier

an NAACP activist in Mississippi was murdered just two weeks before she refused to give up her seat

"The white folks will kill you

The next morning, E.D. Nixon phoned Martin Luther King and other black ministers in Montgomery

a segregation case to the Supreme Court

the support of Montgomery's black church

King agreed to head the effort.

Anything that happened to her would happen in the spotlight of public attention

500 supporters stood outside to cheer her

In the myth, it seems to happen as if by magic: Rosa gets off the bus, and all black America gets off the bus with her. The fact that her courage instantly inspires everyone seems at once a miracle and also the most natural thing in the world.

g 52,500 fliers that would be distributed over the weekend to churches, schools, bars, stores, and private homes.

That was only the beginning

Rosa Parks was arrested on a Thursday evening. Immediately, E.D. Nixon-- her friend, coworker, and fellow activist at the NAACP--was notified, and so was Fred Gray, the young African-American lawyer who would handle the case. Gray was the same lawyer who had previously agreed to handle Claudette Colvin's case if Nixon had chosen to carry that case forward. Nixon and Gray agreed that in Rosa Parks they had a solid citizen around whom the community could rally, and her long activism in the NAACP convinced them that she knew the importance of her case and possessed the courage and commitment the situation would require.

'I done paid my dime,' Colvin had said. 'I ain't got no reason to move.'

jammed into the church and crowded onto the lawns and surrounding alleys and streets

350 carpools to provide 20,000 rides per day

a decree that black individuals not be made to pay at the front of the bus and enter from the rear;

Neither arrest, however, mobilized Montgomery’s black community like that of Rosa Parks later that year.

On 5 December, 90 percent of Montgomery’s black citizens stayed off the buses.

as president was that he was so new to Montgomery and to civil rights work that he hadn’t been there long enough to make any strong friends or enemies’’ (Parks, 136).

‘‘I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong.… If we are wrong, the Supreme Court of this nation is wrong. If we are wrong, the Constitution of the United States is wrong. If we are wrong, God Almighty is wrong’’

After the city began to penalize black taxi drivers for aiding the boycotters,

no agreements were reached.

In early 1956, the homes of King and E. D. Nixon were bombed

‘‘Be calm as I and my family are. We are not hurt and remember that if anything happens to me, there will be others to take my place’’

King was tried and convicted on the charge and ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail in the case State of Alabama v. Martin Luther King, Jr. Despite this resistance, the boycott continued.

‘‘the nameless cooks and maids who walked endless miles for a year to bring about the breach in the walls of segregation’’

On 5 June 1956, the federal district court ruled in Browder v. Gayle that bus segregation was unconstitutional, and in November 1956 the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed Browder v. Gayle and struck down laws requiring segregated seating on public buses.

King’s role in the bus boycott garnered international attention, and the MIA’s tactics of combining mass nonviolent protest with Christian ethics became the model for challenging segregation in the South.

20 December 1956 King called for the end of the boycott;

: ‘‘Christ showed us the way, and Gandhi in India showed it could work’’

nuclear club

very little that is radioactive, the concept of a "clean" bomb has resulted: one having a small atomic trigger, a less fissionable tamper, and therefore less radioactive fallout.

at its center is an atomic bomb; surrounding it is a layer of lithium deuteride (a compound of lithium and deuterium, the isotope of hydrogen with mass number 2);

around it is a tamper, a thick outer layer, frequently of fissionable material, that holds the contents together in order to obtain a larger explosion.

1952 at Enewetak by the United States

neutron bomb, which has a minimum trigger and a nonfissionable tamper; it produces blast effects and a hail of lethal neutrons but almost no radioactive fallout and little long-term contamination. This theoretically would cause minimal physical damage to buildings and equipment but kill most living things.

cobalt bomb is, on the contrary, a radioactively "dirty" bomb having a cobalt tamper. Instead of generating additional explosive force from fission of the uranium, the cobalt is transmuted into cobalt-60

creates an extremely hot zone near its center. In this zone, because of the high temperature, nearly all of the matter present is vaporized to form a gas at extremely high pressure.