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Medicare covers all those treatment options. By law, it can't consider price when making coverage decisions. Nor can it insist that a new technology be significantly better than existing ones or encourage doctors or patients to seek less-costly alternatives. And once Medicare starts writing checks, private health plans generally follow, distorting the usual market mechanisms, says Arthur Kellermann, a physician and senior policy analyst at Rand Corp.

Another big driver of health-care costs is technology. In almost every other industry, innovation generally makes things more efficient and less costly. But in health care, it often brings higher costs with little added value.