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apply() has a sister function named call, which again lets you set 'this' but takes an expanded argument list as opposed to an array.

Closures

A closure is the combination of a function and the scope object in which it was created. Closures let you save state - as such, they can often be used in place of objects.

It's useful to start with an idea of the language's history. JavaScript was created in 1995 by Brendan Eich, an engineer at Netscape, and first released with Netscape 2 early in 1996. It was originally going to be called LiveScript, but was renamed in an ill-fated marketing decision to try to capitalise on the popularity of Sun Microsystem's Java language — despite the two having very little in common. This has been a source of confusion ever since.