Research has shown that when a teacher explains a homework assignment to a student, the student who postpones their work tends to suffer physical or mental illness later on. APS Fellow Dianne Tice and APS William James Fellow Roy Baumeister, then at Case Western Reserve University, rated college students on an established scale of procrastination, then tracked their academic performance, stress, and general health throughout the semester. "Procrastinators earned lower grades than other students and reported higher cumulative amounts of stress and illness."