It is incontrovertible that America is a multiracial society, from the founding father Alexander Hamilton (the son of a mixed-race woman from the British West Indies) to Essie Mae Washington-Williams, 78, a retired schoolteacher, who, the late Senator Strom Thurmond's family acknowledged last month, is his daughter. And for decades there have been questions about the possible mixed-race ancestry of Ida Stover, Dwight D. Eisenhower's mother.

One is Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, whose blood lines, according to the historian Mario de Valdes y Cocom, go back to the van Salees, a Muslim family of Afro-Dutch origin prominent in Manhattan in the early 1600's. If any branch of your family has been in America since the 17th or 18th centuries, Dr. Berlin said, ''it's highly likely you will find an African and an American Indian.''

he found that Mrs. Phillips and his wife, Rita, had white ancestors who were not slave masters, including a woman who started a family with John Kecatan, an African slave freed in 1666.

''There were communities in 17th- and 18th-century America where blacks and whites, both free, of equal rank and shared experiences, were working together, living together, drinking and partying together, and inevitably sleeping together.''

An added challenge is that racial identity can mutate from free black to white in just a few generations.

Mr. Heinegg is familiar with racial prejudice. He and his wife, who met as members of the Brooklyn outpost of the Congress on Racial Equality, left the country in 1969, disgusted by what they saw as a lack of progress. They raised their three daughters in Tanzania, Liberia and Saudi Arabia.

John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts Bay

reformed Protestantism, a “city upon a hill,”

Motivations for colonization:

The Middle colonies, like Delaware, New York, and New Jersey, were founded as trade centers,

The Middle colonies were also called the “Breadbasket colonies”

New England colonies attracted Puritan settlers with families

Demographics

not single indentured servants

Middle colonies attracted a diverse group of European migrants, including Germans, Scots-Irish, French, and Swedish

Economics in the colonies: Colonial economies developed based on each colony’s environment

New England colonies depended on fishing, lumbering, and subsistence farming

Middle colonies also featured mixed economies, including farming and merchant shipping

Establishing representative governments:

Mayflower Compact

Taking into account that the English colonies were still under the British crown, creating the Mayflower Compact was unusually democratic for the time.

rench, and Dutch colonizers, the English colonizers rarely married Native Americans

Unlike the Spanish

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