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makenete

Manufacturing Crisis: Anti-slavery 'Humanitarianism' and Imperialism in East Africa, 18... - 1 views

Mbali Makenete'

shared by makenete on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 1888 into 1890, ships from five European nations joined in a blockade to stop the ‘Arab slave trade’ in East Africa,
  • blockade was armed resistance against the German East Africa Company
  • Bushiri bin Salim
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • blockade against the ‘Arab slave trade,’ an amorphous non-state enemy.
  • but they all cited the same duty to promote civilisation in Africa and end the slave trad
  • The blockade occurred in the interim between the two great international conferences of the Scramble for Africa, the 1884–1885 Berlin Conference and the 1889–1890 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference.
  • he Brussels Conference has received attention from historians as either the culmination of the abolitionist movement or an early step in the development of modern humanitarian diplomacy
  • chauvinists
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      an anti-feminist
  • Suzanne Miers, for instance, argued that the Brussels Conference was driven by political interests hiding behind humanitarian goals, going to far as to describe the intersection of antislavery activism and politics as the ‘antislavery game.
  • antislavery for political goals
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      anti slavery was a piece or a part of a game that was created by colonizers to create a better picture for Africa and its civilization but instead there was a hidden agenda of power that they only had access to
  • Anglo-German alliance to lead humanitarianism and the colonisation of Afric
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      the blockade created power conflict between 2 international countries that had great power
  • The blockade failed to achieve both its short-term and its long-term aims. It provoked anger among pro-imperial interests in both the United Kingdom and Germany.
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      the blockade created power conflict between 2 power hungry countries
  • The blockade exacerbated international conflicts rather than relieving them.
  • The blockade was the most direct international action against the slave trade at the height of humanitarian activism around the issue but has largely been left out of narratives about 1880s antislavery. It demonstrates a different approach to antislavery than was pursued at either conference.
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      this shows that even though that slavery was abolished before the 1890s, there was still slavery taking place. the slave trade was pretty much still active in certain parts of the world allowing slavery to still carry on.
  • The individual national action of the 1890s overtook other methods of humanitarianism in empire.
  • It combined claims that Africans needed European help with attacks on Islam as antimodern
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      the lack of African history, made Africa to be voiceless
  • Descriptions of slavery inevitably discussed an ‘Arab’ or ‘Muslim’ slave trade (often conflating racial and religious labels)
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      religion and race became influential in making slavery bigger it was supposed to.
  • Africans appear in their rhetoric only as objects for European subjects to save.
  • They also downplayed Europe’s slave-trading past and glossed over the inconsistent implementation of antislavery policies.
  • East Africa had become the most dynamic region for the slave trade in the middle of the nineteenth century with the abolition of the slave trade in the Americas and British antislavery efforts in West Africa.
  • an increase in the use of slavery for production.
nqobilemaseko41

Banning the sale of modern firearms in Africa: On the origins of the Brussels Conferenc... - 3 views

shared by nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The Brussels Conference Act of 1890 constituted the first international agreement on global arms control, a fact that points to the imperial legacy of international arms trade regulation.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      the brussels conference act of 1890 was a turning point in the trade of firearms in East africa
  • imperial powers
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      19th centuary- activitives in Africa being dictated by the West
  • It was only in the decades after the middle of the 19th century that arms importation grew substantially,
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • omestic production of guns developed in East Africa
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      little production of firearms in east africa suggesting that majority came from outside the region
  • Imported guns were either newly produced, predominantly in Liège and Birmingham, or reworked from discarded weapons stemming from various European, North American and South Asian arsenals
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      firearms present in east africa came from countries outside africa. this suggests that guns were invented outside Africa
  • found their way into military, economic and social contexts and figured among the most sought-after commodities of the region
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      the introduction of firearms might have strenghtened East African armies and were a source of status ie if you had a firearm you were given higher social status
  • objects of masculine gender identity
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      raises the question of women in society at this time. were women allowed to have firearms or ?
  • Firearms also gained strong economic relevance in East Africa, mainly due to their use for commercial hunting
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      this suggest a switch from ancient ways of hunting such as bow and arrow to more advanced which is the use of firearms
  • Abushiri revolt.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      "The Abushiri revolt, also known as the slave trader revolt (German: Sklavenhändlerrevolte), was an insurrection in 1888-1889 by the Arab and Swahili population of the areas of the coast of East Africa that were granted, under protest, to Germany by the Sultan of Zanzibar in 1888. It was eventually suppressed by a German expeditionary corps which conquered the coastal area"
  • this must be seen against the background of increased armed resistance against European rule and of the already existing co-operation in East Africa.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      regulation measures were implemeted to limit firearm trade that fueled resistance against the colonial powers
  • The memorandum already mentioned the idea of including the arms trade issue in the earlier envisioned anti-slavery conference.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      firearm regulation in east africa went hand in hand with the abolishment of slave trade
  • Brussels Conference assembled in November 1889
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      the Brussels Conference Act of 1890 on the prohibition of slave trade and slavery in Africa. The convention favoured colonial policies, justified by the anti-slavery argument.[
  • the issue of the slave trade became a proxy for negotiating the much more politically pressing issue of the arms trade.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      scholars argue that the event and its origins were shaped primarily by a narrow national interest. Governments paid lip-service to humanitarian goals in order to legitimize their imperial aims.
  • The vast majority of the African population was, if at all, only allowed to purchase and possess firearms of outdated patterns, mainly smooth-bore muzzleloading guns and common powder
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      firearms were not entirely banned
mercymmadibe071

Correspondence Respecting the Conference Relating to Slave Trade Held at Brussels - Doc... - 9 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Kgotsoka Mercy 221031275

shared by mercymmadibe071 on 30 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • mercymmadibe071 on 24 Apr 23
     
    The article consists of letters exchanged between various European governments and representatives that were diplomatic regarding the Brussels conference on the abolition of the slavery trade held in 1889-1890. The letters discussed several issues that related to the conference, including the starting of the conference, the number of people that participated and the number of slaves that we held. It showed that the British government initiated the conference and made a progress towards the abolition of slavery and trade. It also highlights the political and diplomatic situations that occurred during this period in the effort to end the slave trade.
wandile_masoka

Correspondence Respecting the Conference Relating to Slave Trade held at Brussels. - 1 views

link.gale.com/...NCCO

Wandile Masoka 222029192

shared by wandile_masoka on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • wandile_masoka on 23 Apr 23
     
    A primary source source from Gale collection. In this article or source different views are proposed by different authors as it is said that with reference to the last paragraph of your Lordship's despatch No.24, Africa of the 13th ultino stating that Her majesty's government would be prepared to consider any views which the Belgian government might wish to put foward respecting the question of limiting the invitations to the proposed conference at Brussels to the Christian Powers whose territories are affected by the courage of the Slave Trade. Her Majesty's government lost no time after the resolution of the House in communicating with the Government of Belgium, by whom the initiative will be taken in the invitation of the Powers to a conference in regard to the Slave Trade.
kgothatsolefika

ALOLUQ093199081.pdf - 1 views

Lekokotla Kgothatso 222212554

shared by kgothatsolefika on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • kgothatsolefika on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a primary source that I got from gale, it is a letter that was written by Wilmington which was one of the missionaries in South Africa, he was writing this letter to the Siberia mission command conference to the Dean brother, he was writing this letter to salute him on the good work he has done ad also saying goodbye to him after the mission was complete.
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    i needed the details of the Gale source - how do I know this is really from Gale?
makhoba

Young Converts: Christian Missions, Gender and Youth in Onitsha, Nigeria 1880-1929.pdf - 3 views

Luyanda Makhoba

shared by makhoba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Christian faith, to become the "helpmeets" for their Christian male contemporaries and proper mothers of the next Christian (hopefully Anglican) generation. Women, therefore, mattered to CMS missionaries both as the domestic purveyors of an Anglican culture and as exemplars for women's christianization throughout the Nigerian southeast. While Anglican Igbo women, too, were to be missionaries of a sort, their mission was to be bounded by the walls of their European-style homes or, at most, kept to specific Christian localities over which their husbands held priestly sw
  • C[raven]. R. Wilson)' In the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth Church Missionary Society (Anglican) missionaries, both of African and European descent, became interested in gaining converts among Igbo-speaking women in southeastern Nigeria. Schooling was an integral part of the conversion process. This education was perceived by the missionaries as a concomitant training to that of young, Igbo-speaking men. Igbo men were seen as the deepest foundations of the Anglican church in southeastern Niger
  • In the late nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth Church Missionary Society (Anglican) missionaries, both of African and European descent, became interested in gaining converts among Igbo-speaking women in southeastern Nigeria. Schooling was an integral part of the conversion process. This education was perceived by the missionaries as a concomitant training to that of young, Igbo-speaking men. Igbo men were seen as the deepest foundations of the Anglican church in southeastern Niger
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Female missionaries, perhaps acting out of their own experiences of domestic isolation as well as Christian feminist principles, tried to mitigate this isolation somewhat by establishing women's groups at school. One such group was the Scripture Union, for those women who could read their Bibles and by encouraging Christian women who had graduated from their training to meet periodically as "Old Girls" or members of Christian women's associations. In the early 1900s regular Women's Conferences were established by joint committees of female missionaries and prominent Old Girls. The first of these conferences was held in Janu
  • CMS missionaries first appeared in Onitsha, on the eastern banks of the Niger River, in the 1860s-partially in response to Bishop Crowther's shrewd economic and political assessment of the future importance of the town for European colonialism. When the first missionary (the Rev. Taylor, a repatriated Igbo) arrived, however, he found that Christian evangelism in the town would be difficult and fraught with dangers. Ndi onicha (Onitsha people) eagerly accepted European merchandise and were already involved with the representatives of European trading firms. They were, however, highly skeptical of the offer of a new religion, particularly once they discovered that African CMS missionaries were accorded little respect by western traders. This meant that important Onitsha elders kept their distance from the missionar
  • h century. Missionaries of African descent were recruited in an evangelical campaign in that city by Anglican Bishop Samuel Crowther (a repatriated Yoruba speaker) duri
    • makhoba
      makhoba on 25 Apr 23
       
      They used evangelic way to recruit in 1860s.
  • Although the majority of Igbo-speaking girls during this period were unlikely to approach the missions, Dennis' account shows us that some were not only willing to take the risk of offending their parents and destroying their patrilineally arranged marital opportunities, they had determined upon it. For Dennis, of course, these were the "women who wanted to be good," but from the point of view of Idumuje Ugboko elders, they must have seemed young hellions, bent on destroying proper gender relations along with carefully constructed networks of alliance and affinity. The picture of girls dragged screaming into the night was constructed by Dennis to woo potential CMS donors for a girls' training institution in western Igbo. Nonetheless, there remains in the account something of the horror and embarrassment that must have been felt by every participant in these evening dr
  • Although the majority of Igbo-speaking girls during this period were unlikely to approach the missions, Dennis' account shows us that some were not only willing to take the risk of offending their parents and destroying their patrilineally arranged marital opportunities, they had determined upon it. For Dennis, of course, these were the "women who wanted to be good," but from the point of view of Idumuje Ugboko elders, they must have seemed young hellions, bent on destroying proper gender relations along with carefully constructed networks of alliance and a
  • The children of Christian women had already proved to be the foundation of the Anglican church in the forty years since its inception in Igboland, and CMS missionaries were eager to maintain a hold on the imaginations of children to come through their mothers' examples of f
  • The CMS missionaries therefore had to respond to their own ambivalences about both the centrality of marriage to Christian culture (most of the women missionaries were unmarried while in the Niger Mission) and the need to establish a proper, liminal period of "youth" or "girlhood" for christianized women to prepare them for their duties as wives and helpmeets to Christian husbands. Older women were welcome as converts, but the missionaries were constantly disappointed at how little influence such women seemed to hold over their "heathen" husbands, at least in terms of evangelis
  • Missionized men who showed some interest in evangelism were, by the 1910s, often sent off to villages at some distance from mission centers like Onitsha in order to prepare the way for more professional missionaries or to demonstrate their own fitness for more evangelical responsibility. Their young, recently trained wives would either accompany them directly or be sent for after completing their course.27 Wives' immediate duties included assisting their husbands in setting up Bible studies as well as developing a mod
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    not relevant to your topic because its W.Africa
nhlangotisn

Blantyre Mission stephen green.pdf - 1 views

Simphiwe Nhlangoti

shared by nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 6 THE NYASALAND JOURNAL BLANTYRE MISSION By Rev. Stephen Green T was appropriate that the Scottish missionaries who came to the Shire Highlands in 1876 should call their settlement Blantyre, the name of David Livingstone's birthplace in Lanarkshire. For Scotland had some three years before been deeply moved by the story of Livingstone's death at Ilala and of the devotion of his African friends who carried his body to the coast that it might be brought home to lie in Westminster Abbey. Livingstone had spoken with enthusiasm
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone - refers to David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary and explorer who passed through the Shire Highlands in 1859 and spoke highly of the area for missionary settlement. Blantyre - the name of the settlement founded by Scottish missionaries in the Shire Highlands in 1876. The name comes from Livingstone's birthplace in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Church of Scotland - refers to the Presbyterian denomination of Christianity that sent the Scottish missionaries to the Shire Highlands. The Free Church of Scotland had already sent pioneers to Livingstonia Mission in 1875. Henry Henderson - the missionary sent by the Church of Scotland to find a suitable site near Lake Malawi for a new mission, but who eventually settled on the Shire Highlands. Magomero - the site of the Universities' Mission, which had been founded in response to Livingstone's challenge and appeal fifteen years prior. Medical officer - Dr. T. T. Macklin, who accompanied the mission party from Scotland to the Shire Highlands in 1876 and was handed leadership of the mission upon arrival. Artisan missionaries - refers to the five skilled tradesmen who accompanied the mission party from Scotland and were tasked with construction and manual work for the mission. Challenge - the mission to continue the work that Livingstone had begun in the area, as he had spoken highly of the Shire Highlands as a suitable location for missionary settlement
  • Henderson left them encamped by the Shire while he went up to make preparations for their arrival. He found at the place of his choice half-ruined huts, the owners of which had fled to the hills to escape a raid of the Angoni. Some of these he repaired sufficiently to be of service as temporary shelter, and then returned to lead his colleagues to their destination. It was reached by them on the 23rd. October,
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      On October 23rd, 1936, Sir Harold Kittermaster unveiled a memorial tablet set in a cairn of stones on the spot where the fig tree had stood. The cairn is made up of sixty stones, each one bearing the name of one of the congregations of the Presbytery of Blantyre, which at that date numbered sixty. Henderson repaired half-ruined huts at the chosen site and returned to lead his colleagues to their destination. They arrived at Blantyre on October 23rd, and encamped under a large fig tree. Dr. Macklin took over the leadership of the mission after Henderson handed it over to him, and he began making friends with neighbouring chiefs and headmen. African helpers were instructed in various kinds of manual work, and a school was opened. Sons of the Makololo chiefs down on the River attended the school as boarders, and they brought slaves with them to wait upon them, which Dr. Clement Scott promptly stopped. Refugee slaves sought asylum at the mission and were received and assured of protection, which led to bitter hostility to the mission on the part of chiefs who had a direct interest in the slave trade. The original pioneer band contained no ordained missionary, and one was not appointed until 1878. Dr. Laws and Dr. Stewart came from Livingstonia for temporary duty as Head of the Mission, and Mr. James Stewart, a civil engineer, was also lent for a time from Livingstonia, and his services were of great value in the laying out of the station and the garden.
  • THE NYASALAND JOURNAL The first minister to be appointed to Blantyre was the Reverend Duff Macdonald, afterwards Minister of South Dalziel, Mother well. In a remarkably short time he acquired a good knowledge of Yao and produced Yao schoolbooks and translations. He also made a special study of local customs and folklore, and his book Africana is still a leading authority.
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      he paragraph describes the establishment of the Blantyre settlement by Scottish missionaries in Nyasaland (now Malawi) and the challenges they faced. The first minister appointed was Reverend Duff Macdonald, who quickly gained knowledge of the local language (Yao) and customs, producing schoolbooks and translations. Mission work also began at Zomba, but was later abandoned for Domasi station. The missionaries faced hostility from some local chiefs due to their anti-slavery policy and their need to exercise civil jurisdiction over Africans. The inexperience of the missionaries led to the adoption of measures inconsistent with Christian aims, and some in Scotland advised withdrawal. However, the Head of the Mission and two others were recalled, and a new minister, David Clement Ruffelle Scott, was sent out. Scott was a versatile man with qualities of leadership who re-organized the Mission's work. He designed Blantyre Church and produced an encyclopedic dictionary of the Mang'anja language, widely known as Scott's Dictionary. Under his leadership, the Mission compensated slave owners who established claims to slaves in sanctuary at the Mission, and formed friendly relations with chiefs.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • sister of Dr. John Bowie, had also contracted it. On his way, through torrential rains and across rivers in flood, he received the news that Mrs. Henderson was dead and Dr. Bowie, who had sucked the tracheotomy tube in a desperate effort to save the child's life, was down with diphtheria. All that Affleck Scott and Dr. Henry Scott, who had come from Domasi, could do was of no avail, and Bowie also died. Very soon after, Henry Henderson on his way home with Mrs. Bowie and Mrs. Clement Scott (another sister of Dr. Bowie) died at Q
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      The paragraph discusses the history of the Scottish Presbyterian mission in Nyasaland (now Malawi) during the late 19th century. The mission aimed to spread Christianity to the local population while also attempting to curb the practice of slavery. The text describes several missionaries who played important roles in this effort, including Robert Cleland, Clement Scott, and William Affleck Scott. The paragraph begins by recounting an event in which Scott and Henderson attempted to persuade the Angoni chiefs to cease raiding the Shire Highlands, which was successful in preventing future attacks. The narrative then shifts to describe the establishment of a sub-station at Chiradzulu and the difficulties encountered by Cleland when attempting to found a new station at Mlanje. The paragraph notes that Cleland passed away from illness before he could fully establish the new station. The text then describes the efforts of William Affleck Scott, who joined the mission in 1889 and devoted himself wholeheartedly to spreading the Gospel. Although he did not achieve his ambition of founding a station in Angoniland, he served at several locations in Nyasaland and also participated in expeditions to Portuguese East Africa. The paragraph ends with a tragic account of Henry Henderson's family members succumbing to diphtheria while on their way back to Blantyre, with Affleck Scott and Henry Scott unable to save them despite their efforts
  • he vernacular. The development of Zomba as a mission station had the natural effect of detracting from the importance of Domasi only ten miles distant. The latter, with its square mile of mission land offering facilities for school boarding, evangelists' training, teachers' refresher courses, etc., was much more suitable as the head? quarters of a large district, but as staffing difficulties increased it was the station that suffered more than any other from lack of staff. Work was developed from Domasi in the district to the north-east between Chikala Hill and Lake Chiuta, and for long the dream was cherished of transferring the station to a central site in that district. An exchange of land could have been
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph discusses the development of the Blantyre Church, which was built between 1888 and 1891, with Dr. Affleck Scott describing the various people involved in its construction. Despite criticism of the elaborate building, Dr. Scott defends it as a means of bringing more people to the area and teaching them about the benefits of hard work and beauty. The year 1891 also saw the beginning of the administration of Nyasaland as a British protectorate, which had an impact on the work of the Mission. Means of communication improved, making it easier for various Christian forces in the country to make contact. In 1900, the first of a series of missionary conferences was held, with representatives from various missions in attendance. These conferences have been valuable in discussing issues and demonstrating spiritual unity. In 1904, the Federation of Missions was formed with a Consultative Board, which discussed questions of common interest. The development of Zomba as a mission station had the effect of detracting from the importance of Domasi. The dream of transferring the station to a central site in the district to the northeast was never realized, despite repeated appeals from the people.
  • In this matter the missions were very greatly indebted to the Reverend W. H. Murray of the Dutch Reformed Church Mission, who was set free for a time by his Church for translation work, and who not only did much of it himself, but also co-ordinated the work of the other translators. Later Dr. Murray earned the further gratitude of the Church in the Central and Southern Provinces by revising the whole of the text, introducing the new orthography, and adding marginal references, work in which he was ably assisted by Mrs. Murray. Thus Nyanja-speaking Christians in Nyasaland and far beyond its bounds have an admirable version of the whole of the Scriptures which, thanks to the National Bible Society of Scotland and the British and Foreign Bible Society, can be bought for the modest
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      he paragraph provides a historical account of the Blantyre Mission's work in Portuguese East Africa, particularly in the establishment of mission stations and the growth of the Church of Scotland's congregation. In 1898, an effort was made to extend the work to the east of Lake Chirwa, but the Portuguese authorities objected to the founding of a mission until they had pacified the country. The Mihecani station was finally opened in 1913, while the Panthumbi station was later moved to Bemvu, where it was under the leadership of Harry Matecheta. The policy of centralization was adopted in 1904, and technical and industrial training was concentrated in Blantyre, while other stations were free to develop evangelistic and junior school work. The Henry Henderson Institute was built to accommodate extra pupils. The mission played an essential role in training carpenters, builders, gardeners, and clerks, who found employment in government offices and commercial concerns. The Mlanje Mission was removed to a new site in the early 1930s. In 1924, the Presbyteries of Livingstonia and Blantyre entered into an incorporating union in the Church of Central Africa (Presbyterian), and the first Synod of that Church was constituted at Livingstonia. Blantyre missionaries played a significant role in Bible translation.
ayabulela

GALE PRIMARY SOURCE.pdf - 2 views

Ayabulela Sikhweza

shared by ayabulela on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ayabulela on 26 Apr 23
     
    Based on the text provided, the letter is from Captain Playdierks to the Earl of Derby, reporting his return from the Seychelles and providing information he collected about the training and education of African children who were captured by her majesty's cruisers and landed at the Seychelles. The letter mentions that there had been concerns about the suitability of the Seychelles for the purpose of training and educating the liberated Africans, as no provisions had been made for their proper maintenance/support and many had fallen into moral decay. The letter reports Captain Playdierks' efforts to rectify this situation, including holding a personal conference with Chief Civil Commissioner Mitre to discuss the role of Christian missions and missionaries in helping the children.
makenete

The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s.pdf - 1 views

Mbali Makenete

shared by makenete on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Daniel Laqua*
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      Daniel Laqua is Associate Professor of European History at Northumbria University in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. he explores the dynamics and tensions of transnational activism, his work covers a variety of international movements and organisations.
  • boundaries. It has been argued that anti-slavery boasted features of a 'transnational advocacy network' early on, as exemplified by the links between British and US abolitionists from the late eighteenth century o
  • Transnational ambitions featured explicitly in the remit of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) which, one year after its foundation in 18
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) which, one year after its foundation in
  • Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine, and Frank Trentmann
  • the transatlantic slave trade had all but ceased, with Cuba (1880/86) and Brazil (1888)
  • Diplomatic measures resulted in the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference of 1889-90, whose General Act contained legal provisions for the suppression of the slave trade in its countries of origin, as well as measures against the maritime slave trade and against the trade in spirits and firear
  • The anti-slavery campaigns of the late nineteenth century coincided with the era of 'high' or 'new' imperialism, raising important questions about the relationship between humanitarian activism and European expansion in Africa.
  • : Kevin Grant's study of the 'new slaveries' has explored the relation between British humanitarianism, transnational co-operation, and the promotion of a 'civilising missio
  • malia Ribi has located the anti-slavery activism of the inter-war period within a timeframe that stretches back to the nineteenth century.1
  • zanne Miers has discussed the broader context of the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference and has traced the changing debates around slavery as an 'international issue'.1
  • nti-slavery internationalism
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      slavery helped share views of religion. slavery expanded religions that were dominating at the time. slaves were forced into accepting some religion practices because of who had enslaved them.
  • development of the 'mechanics of internationalism' from the mid-nineteenth century constituted a second factor: an increase in international congresses and periodicals provided activists with an emerging 'movement repertoire'.16 T
  • July to December 1888, he addressed the African slave trade in a series of public lectures at churches in Brussels, Paris, and Rome as well as Prince's Hall in London.
  • Cardinal's campaign was connected to his work with the White Fathers, a missionary society he had founded in 1868.
siphoesihletshabalala03

JORNAL JSTOR FIREARMS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA.pdf - 1 views

Siphoesihle Tshabalala

shared by siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23 - No Cached
  • THE relationships of the peoples of southern Africa after the establishment and expansion of the white settlement in the mid-seventeenth century can be seen in terms of both conflict and interdependence, both resistance and collaboration
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The connection of Southern African people after the foundation of extension of the white settlement within the mid-seventeenth century can be seen in terms of both strife and interdependency.
  • A 'gun society' existed at the Cape from the beginning of white settlement there in i652
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      In 1652, when the white people arrived in the Cape they brought guns along with them so Africa became a gun society from years ago.
  • Although the Khoisan4 peoples at the Cape were less successful at expelling the European intruders during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      In spite of the fact that the Khoisan individuals at the Cape failed to remove the invaders,
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • e too the advantages conferred by firearms have generally been overestimate
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      The points of interest conferred by guns have by and large been overemphasized.
  • the time of the first Dutch-Khoi war of I659-60
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      this was the outbreak of the war between the Dutch and the Khoisan.
  • By the i67os a certain number of firearms were getting into Khoisan hands
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      By the 1670s the number of Khoisan armaments was increasing.
  • burgher
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      A Boer Republic.
  • ammunitio
    • siphoesihletshabalala03
      siphoesihletshabalala03 on 01 May 23
       
      A supply or quantity of bullets and shells.
thabokhanyile

Hermann Habenicht's Spezialkarte von Afrika - A Unique Cartographic Record of African E... - 1 views

AOT KHANYILE

shared by thabokhanyile on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A new orientation of European exploration and mapping developed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In 1876, Léopold II, king of Belgium, organized a conference in Brussels at which representatives from Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia addressed two issues that were of concern to the leading powers at the time, the coordination of future exploration in equatorial Africa, and the suppression of the slave trade in that region
  • Léopold II seized the opportunity of this conference to found the Association Internationale Africaine (AIA) with the objective of establishing scientific exploration stations from coast to coast, starting in the east.
  • The transformation of the AIA into the Comité d’Etudes du Haut-Congo in 1878, which in 1882 became the even more powerful Association Internationale du Congo (AIC), was observed with growing concern and even suspicion by other European powers
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • This marked the beginning of a new era of European involvement in Africa, and in Central Africa in particular.
  • However, the emphasis shifted towards territorial consolidation, which absorbed much of the exploratory effort of the involved nations since the 1880s.
  • Léopold’s ambitions were clear: as the sovereign of the smallest of the European states reaching out to Africa, he wanted to acquire a large territory that would give him international status among the other nations, at the same time allowing him to secure access to a vast reservoir of natural resources.
  • When Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, European interest in other parts of the continent grew, and the so-called “scramble for Africa” began in earnest. While Britain, France, and Portugal could build on and branch out from territories they had already established under their flag, Germany lagged behind in the race but acted vigorously to catch up.
  • Larger-scale regional maps were now needed — and were produced in profusion across Europe, to substantiate, both administratively and commercially, the consolidation of newly acquired European possessions.
  • As the market for up-to-date maps grew in the European nations engaged in colonizing Africa, so did the cartographic output by geographical establishments and societies.
  • They all published a plethora of more or less detailed maps of the continent and its constituent parts in order to illustrate and document the latest results of African exploration and the colonizing campaigns they supported, complementing the output of established suppliers of maps.
  • Two important events, one political, the other historical, are of relevance to our subject here.
  • reports that a plan to produce a large map of Africa was formulated towards the end of 1884,
  • The choice of Africa rather than other parts of the globe offered itself on account of the incredibly rich body of maps, travel, and exploration documentation that Perthes could still draw upon, and Africa ranked particularly high as a subject of interest in this time of heated colonial contest.
  • At least half of all the maps published in the PGM in the 1880s were of Africa, and the 1885 volume contained even more maps on Africa than on all other parts of the world together (eleven against eight, not counting thematic and general maps). 1
gracebvuma

Guns, Race, and Skill in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa.pdf - 1 views

shared by gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ettlers of the Cape of Good Hope to procure firearms and to serve in the militia. The European farmers (called Boers) who crossed the colonial boundaries into the African interior distributed guns to Africans, in spite of company regulations fo
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      Africans procured firearms from the Boers. The distribution of guns to Africans was prohibited most likely to ensure the superiority of the Boers or settlers.
  • lly free. Liberals also encouraged the spread of evangelical Christianity among Africans. Partly through the encouragement of traders and missionaries, more African
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      The spread of Christianity can be linked to the increase in Africans having firearms.
  • s. Settler perceptions of the threat posed by armed Africans persuaded British conservatives to portray Africans as skilled with firearms, even as they otherwise characterized Africans as racially inferi
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      Africans were still unskilled with firearms, this could mean the use of guns amongst Africans was not widespread yet.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • rms completely into their military tactics, but by the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 some Zulu shot well because, according to a British government source, they had received instruction from redcoat deserters.4
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      Africans may have been taught how to operate firearms by deserters who were white.
  • lonial descriptions of African peoples of the region, they characterized the Khoisan and Griqua as skilled with weapons, a facility that enabled them to resist colonialism for a w
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      Some sources tell of Africans having advanced skills with guns, this could mean more guns were being distributed to Africans. The use of firearms gave them the ability to fight the settlers, confirming that early settlers did not want to give Africans guns because it somewhat leveled the playing field in the struggle against colonization.
  • The Sotho were "indifferently armed and were poor shots" before the 18
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      this shows that many different tribes had acquired guns. Koi, San, Sotho, Zulu.
  • em. It happens that skills with guns and the perceived and real links to political power weapons and skills conferred were debated extensively in southern Africa in the nineteenth
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      Heavy correlation between access to guns and the intensity with which Africans were able to fight settlers.
  • he much-sought-after elephant, fostered a preference for large-caliber weapons. By the eighteenth century a distinct local pattern of firearms design had begun to emerge, which can be understood as a technological response to the region's ecology and eco
    • gracebvuma
      gracebvuma on 26 Apr 23
       
      the distribution and use of guns seemed to have encouraged economic growth in Southern Africa.
andiswamntungwa

The Black Atlantic Missionary Movement and Africa, 1780s-1920s.pdf - 0 views

Andiswa Mntungwa History 2A

shared by andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A recurring theme in Adrian Hastings's magisterial study of the church in Africa is the central role of Africans in the evangelisation of the Continent. His account also embraces Africans of the diaspora, that 'black, Protestant, English-speaking world which had grown up in the course of the eighteenth century on both sides of the Atlantic in the wake of the slave
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The importance of Africans in the evangelization of the Continent is a constant issue in Adrian Hastings' magisterial study of the church in Africa. His narrative includes Africans of the diaspora as well, those people who grew up in the black, Protestant, and English-speaking communities on both sides of the Atlantic throughout the eighteenth century as a result of the slave trade.
  • African Americans constituted a small but visually significant element in the modern Protestant missionary movement. They are generally ignored in the standard literature and mission histories. This is not surprising as it is only relatively recently that black people, certainly outside the Americas, have begun to be noticed by histo
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      A small but visually significant portion of the modern Protestant missionary activity was made up of African Americans. In the mainstream literature and mission histories, they are typically neglected. This is not surprising given how lately historians have started to pay attention to black people, at least outside of the Americas.
  • The trans-Atlantic traffic was in both directions as African proteges of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, invariably travelling via Britain. John Chilembwe, who raised a revolt against the British in Nyasaland in 1915, is a notable example. Sponsored by Joseph Booth, a white missionary, in 1897 he went to study in the United States and probably spent a short time in Britain. When he returned home in 1900 to found the Industrial Providence
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      As African disciples of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, they frequently traveled via Britain, causing trans-Atlantic trade in both directions. A noteworthy example is John Chilembwe, who instigated an insurrection against the British in Nyasaland in 1915. He traveled to study in the United States in 1897 under the sponsorship of a white missionary named Joseph Booth, and it's likely that he briefly visited Britain.In 1900, upon his return home, he established the Industrial Providence
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • . There was social and racial tension on the ships that carried West Indians and whites across the Atlantic; the long voyage with poor food and confined conditions raised tempers; whites accused blacks of being 'puffed up' while Jamaicans were highly sensitive to real and imagined slights.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      . On the ships that transported West Indians and Europeans over the Atlantic, there was social and racial friction; the lengthy voyage, limited food, and cramped conditions roused tempers; whites accused blacks of being "puffed up," while Jamaicans were extremely sensitive to both real and imagined slights.
  • As early as the 1770s, Dr Samuel Hopkins, Congregational minister of Newport, Rhode Island, and an opponent of slavery, proposed sending African Americans to Africa as missionaries. A local African fund was created by the Missionary Society of Rhode Island, and two blacks, one a slave, the other free since birth, but both with a knowledge of a 'Guinea language', were sent to Princeton to study theolog
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Samuel Hopkins, a Congregational minister in Newport, Rhode Island, who opposed slavery, suggested deploying African Americans to Africa as missionaries as early as the 1770s. The Missionary Society of Rhode Island established an African fund, and two black people-one a slave and the other free since birth-who both knew the "Guinea language"-were sent to Princeton to study theology.
  • eoples of African descent, but from the outset also to West Africa.20 Africa was the persistent geographical focus of African American missionary thought throughout the nineteenth century. The Second Great Awakening stirred black Christians to a strong belief in the vital purpose of evangelism, and in this Africa had a special significance. The belief in 'providential design' and 'race redemption' was a recurring theme and had a two-fold meaning. By engaging in mission activity, African Americans would not only fulfil the Christian command to preach the Gospel, but also prove their worth to the doubtful white constituency that largely paid to send them to Africa. The idea that God's providential hand had been at work in African slavery was also embraced by some whites
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      people with African ancestry, but also from the beginning to West Africa.Throughout the nineteenth century, African American missionaries' persistent geographic focus was Africa. African nations held a special place in black Christians' understanding of the importance of evangelism as a result of the Second Great Awakening. The idea of "providential design" and "race redemption" recurred frequently and had a dual significance. African Americans would be fulfilling the Christian mandate to proclaim the gospel by participating in mission work, and they would also be demonstrating their value to the skeptic white constituency that mostly funded their trip to Africa. Some whites also adopted the notion that God's benevolent hand had been at work in African slavery.
  • 53 The outcome was that Southern Black Baptists organised the Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, although the body represented regional rather than denominational interests. Fifteen years later a degree of black denominational unity was achieved with the creation of the National Baptist Convention (NBC)
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The Baptist Foreign Mission Convention was eventually established by Southern Black Baptists in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, even though the organization served to further regional as opposed to religious concerns. With the establishment of the National Baptist Convention (NBC) fifteen years later, a certain level of black denominational unity was attained.
  • Both the white-led and the African American churches placed considerable emphasis on training men and women for African mission. A later vision of the African American missions was to bring Africans to the United States for education in their new schools and
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Training men and women for African missions was a priority for both African American and white-led congregations. A different goal of the African American missions was to invite Africans to the country to attend their new schools and receive an education.
  • Missionary Association sponsored The World's Congress on Africa in conjunction with the Chicago World's Fair in August 1893. A further Congress on Africa was held in Atlanta in late 1895 with 'discussions centred around the industrial, intellectual, moral and spiritual "progress" of Afric
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The World's Congress on Africa was hosted by the Missionary Association in August 1893 in connection with the Chicago World's Fair. The industrial, intellectual, moral, and spiritual "progress" of Africa was the focus of talks at a subsequent Congress on Africa convened in Atlanta in late 1895.
  • n American responses to European colonial rule in Africa were divided. Most black missionaries, predictably, viewed Africa through Western eyes and saw the imposition of European rule as helpful in extending Christianity in the Continent. But there were also black missionary critics of colonialism and particularly of specific colonial rulers. The atrocities carried out by the Congo Free State were publicised by William Sheppard and Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, all of whom worked for the Southern Presbyterians. This led to Sheppard being prosecuted by the Free State authorities.78
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There were many American responses to European colonial rule in Africa. Predictably, the majority of black missionaries regarded Africa through Western eyes and believed that imposing European control would assist spread Christianity throughout the Continent. However, there were also black mis-sionaries who opposed colonialism in general and particular colonial masters in particular.William Sheppard, Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, who all worked for the Southern Presbyterians, made the atrocities committed by the Congo Free State public.Sheppard was ultimately charged by the Free State authorities as a result.
  • difficulties in the way of, the sending of American Negroes to Africa'.85 A guarded and cautious recommendation by the conference offered to support African American missionaries that were sent to Africa provided they went under the auspices of 'responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing'.86 It was hardly the ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for. However, it was the most that white international mission agencies were prepared to offer. They too had deep suspicions about certain African American activities in colonial Africa. The result was that in the interwar years the number of African American missionaries in Africa steadily decline
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There are obstacles in the way of transferring American Negroes to Africa.African American missionaries were encouraged to go to Africa with the backing of "responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing," according to the conference's guarded and circumspect proposal.The ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for was far from being received.It was, however, the maximum that white foreign mission organizations were willing to provide. They had the same strong skepticism over specific African-American actions in colonial Africa. As a result, there were increasingly fewer African American missionaries in Africa throughout the interwar period.
asande

Missionaries, Christian, Africa _ Encyclopedia.com (2).pdf - 1 views

Asande Mbatha History 2A

shared by asande on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • When the Portuguese first made contact with Africa in the fifteenth century, they were in search of four things. Number one, they were in search of a sea route to the spice trade in the Far East because Muslims controlled the land route through the Levant and the breadbasket in the Maghrib. Second, the Portuguese wanted to participate in the lucrative Trans-Saharan gold trade. Third, they initiated the "Reconquista" project to recover Iberian lands from the Muslims. Finally, they sought to reconnect with the mythical Christian empire of Prester John (/people/history/african-history-biographies/prester-john) for the conversion of the heathens.
    • asande
      asande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Christianity in 1400
  • The gospel bearers enslaved prospective converts. In the next century, abolitionism and evangelical revival catalyzed the revamping of old missionary structures and the rise of a new voluntarist movement. Spiritual awakenings emphasized the Bible, the event of the cross, conversion experience, and a proactive expression of faith. Evangelicals mobilized philanthropists, churches, and politicians against the slave trade, to be replaced by treaties with the chiefs, legitimate trade, a new administrative structure, and Christianity as a civilizing agent.
    • asande
      asande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The impact of Christianity in Ancient Africa
  • Various groups of black people campaigned for abolition: in America, liberated slaves became concerned about the welfare of the race and drew up plans for equipping the young with education and skills for survival; Africans living abroad, like Ottabah Cuguano and Olaudah Equiano, wrote vividly about their experiences; and entrepreneurs like Paul Cuffee (1759– 1817), a black ship owner and businessperson, created a commercial enterprise between Africa, Britain, and America.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 partitioned Africa and insisted on formal occupation. It introduced a new spirit that overawed indigenous institutions and sought to transplant European institutions and cultures.
  • In the same period of the early to mid-twentieth century, many religious forms flourished. The mainline denominations engaged in strong institutional development with schools, hospitals, and other charitable institutions; evangelized the hinterland areas; essayed to domesticate Christian values by confronting traditional cultures;
    • asande
      asande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Development
andile_mkhwanazi

Mission in East Africa.pdf - 2 views

Andile Moses Mkhwanazi

shared by andile_mkhwanazi on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • With the development of local Churches in the East African coun tries (specifically Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), with the ending of the Hus commissionis \ by which a territory was put into the care of a missionary congregation, and with searching questions being asked about the specific nature of missionary activity, mission today, in East Africa as elsewhere, has to be placed in a completely new context. A group of novices in a missionary congregation recently
  • Slavery was the most grievous wound in East African society when the missionary pioneers arrived 140 years ago: Livingstone,- Krapf and Rebmann, P?re Horner. What seems to us a very modern ques
  • he role of missionaries in this strong and coherent local Church is one that presents opportunities and problems. One of the most painful problems is this: does the presence of missionaries inhibit the local Church and prevent it from discovering its own identity? The call for a 'moratorium', made by the All Africa Conference of Churches, most strongly at the 1975 Lusaka assembly ('Stop overseas aid. Period. Forever'), challenges missionaries to examine their consciences. Local Churches struggling for self-reliance add a new dimension to missionary work. To examine this and other issues we need to look at the fundamental theological questions that underlie them.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Christian anthropology, it may be suggested, we have moved from an idea of mission as saving souls through one of mission as planting the Church to one of mission as a privileged expression of the mystery of God and the mystery of humanity. The two have a
  • he basic element here is revelation theology. In the recent past, the Church was seen as the place of light and truth in a dark and sinful world; now the Church is seen as 'sacramentum mundV, the sign of salvation in God's world. A theology of creation provides the basis for a more 'open' attitude to God's action in non-Christian religions and in the various cultures of the world. The parochial view of revelation held by the earlier mission effort made it quick to identify as superstitious, evil and even satanic whatever seemed strange and unfamiliar in African cult
cicisebego

The ivory trade and elephant conservation.pdf - 3 views

Cici Sebego

shared by cicisebego on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In response to significant elephant population declines in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for ivory, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) banned the international trade in Asian and African elephant species by listing them on Appendix I in 1973 and 1989, respectiv
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slight decline of elephant in the 1970s to 1980s has led to the the CITES banning ivory trade.
  • in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching f
  • In 1997, the CITES Conference of Parties voted to allow Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • uction
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Auction? Definition: an area where there is a public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most.
  • tonnes of government ivory stockpiles to Japanese traders on a one-off experimental basis, which took place in 199
  • government ivory stockpiles to Japanese
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe were the only three countries to do a once of trade with Japanese traders in 1999.
  • ry-
  • ant
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti ivory? Definition: the opposite or being against something.
  • resulting in a surge of elephant poaching
  • environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have ivory
  • ns. Elephant conservation and public welfare can be better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
  • economic development and increased tourism, particularly in Asia. The ivory trade was widely recognized as the single most important cause of substantial elephant population d
  • 04. The Fifth African Elephant Range States Dialogue Communiqué at CITES 12 demonstrated that most African elephant range state governments supported limited re-listing of the African elephant to Appendix II, ivory me
  • I (1) assess the effectiveness of the ivory and elephant poaching, (2) review arguments both for and against reopening the international trade in elephant ivory, and (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory dem
  • 1989 CITES ivory trade ban in reducing
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Interventions that were brought into power to prevent poaching.
  • (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory demand
  • Ivory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa.
  • vory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa. ! Sources: Cobb (1989), Martin and Stiles (2000, 2003), Dublin and Jachmann (1992) and Dublin et al. (1995)
  • 1987, the Group estimated that the elephant population had declined to 760000 (African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group 1987). In
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The illegal poaching of Elephants and Rhinos is something very common in the African context.
  • Wild elephant population estimates (number of elephants) for South and South-east Asia in the late 1980s and 2000. Sources: Santiapillai and Jackson (1990), Kemf and Santiapillai (2000) and Martin and Stiles (2002). Country Late 1980s 2000 Nepal 90 70 Sri Lanka 2950 2500-3000 Myanmar 6500 4820 Thailand 1650 1650 Laos 2500 1125 Cambodia 2000 250 Viet Nam 1750 135 Total 17440 10550
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      A table showing the decline of elephants from 1980s to the year 2000
  • g of ivory. The Asian elephant carries a considerably smaller average tusk weight than the African because few females have tusks and the few that do have small tusks, and there has been hunting selection pressure that has lowered the proportion of bulls carrying tusk
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      There is a hunting selection when it comes to poaching elephant tusks. the Asian elephants have smaller tusks compared to African elephants. -so this shows that the more bigger the tusk, the more the poacher can make better profit.
  • ic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling ivory represents a negative perception of goods, in this case ivory, by potential consumers when they think that the goods were obtained illegally or in
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the pu
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling countries would receive from ivory sales, and the latter term represents a negative perception of good
  • Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Countries with high number of elephant poaching.
  • 3). Because enforcement intensity has not been constant over time in many ivory would not be valid to make across the board comparisons of pre- and post- 1999 ivory seizure da
  • ng and consuming countr
  • of the most activ
  • ching. Rather, evidence suggests that all wildlife poaching and illegal trade are correlated with lax law enforcement, corruption and lack of government investment in wildlife cons
  • ation involving legal national ivory markets in the context of an illegal international ivory trade appears to encourage elephant poaching. Most markets cannot meet demand by legal ivory, thus they resort to illegal ivory. An ideal scenario would involve a legal ivory trade that would benefit range state governments and citizens, supplied by ivory from naturally deceased and culled problem elephants, to supply markets. If range state countries could supply legal ivory to meet demand, poaching would be reduced or even eliminated. Why would a trader assume the risk to buy illegal ivory if legal ivory were available at comparable quality and prices?
  • nd actions must come into effect to deal with increased elephant and other wildlife numbers when conse
  • t conservati
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Conservation? Definition: prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
  • ng even after the 1973 and 1989 CITES Asian and African ivory trade bans. The 1990 ban did succeed in lowering the scale of ivory trading at national levels and reducing elephant poaching fro
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The banning of the ivory trade was able to lower the number of people who killed elephants.
  • cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a very interesting reading by Daniel Stiles, it showed how the poaching of elephants became a problem when there was a slight decline in the 1970s to 1980s due to the high number of ivory trading that was taking place at the time. Non-governmental organizations and CITES came up with ways to ban the trade of ivory, of which is the reason why the generation of today is able to know about elephants without being told about them.
asandandulwini

Explorers travelling through the Lakes of Central Africa (JSTOR).pdf - 1 views

Asanda Ndulwini

shared by asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE travellers who have journeyeel anto (:entral Africa from the East coast and the neighbourhood of Zanzibar have been called to encounter difficulties as formidable as lrlay be met with in any part of the world. These difficulties have caused not only peril to health and severe trials of patience, but have occasioned theln unusual expense. One object which most of them have kept in vierv was to reach the line of the three great lakes, and pay a, visit to l:Jjiji.
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar- Swahili Unguja, was an island in the Indian ocean lying 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of east-central Africa. During this age of exploration, the Portuguese Empire it's when they gained control of Zanzibar.
  • of brushwood, and of small forest with tropical plants and trees. A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • . A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare having a general trend to the N.N.E. These the traveller crossesr now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Explorers were crossing through the Makata river, a stream in Lindi region, Tanzania with the region front code of African/Middle east. Lake Ugombo one of the lakes of Tanzania expedited by Henry Morton Stanley, regarding Livingston's exploration in central Africa.
  • gulare the traveller
  • itherto all the English travellers in East Africa have been dependent upon these huluan bearers. Frotn Burton down to the Church Missionary Expedition, which left the coast a few nonths at,o, every one has been compelled to etnploy them. And the trouble they have caused by their fickleness, their dishonesty, their bodily weaknesses, their indolence, their diseases, and numerous deaths, has been indescriba
  • ganyika, thought it worth while specialla to inquire into two points: (1 ) Could a route be found to the north of the WAmi River, on higher ground, and free from the swampy levels found here and there on the road ftom Bagamoyo? and (2) Was it possible to employ on the entire line the waggen drawn by bllllocks, so common in the colonies of South Africa, and that without risk from the tsetse-fly? And as the Rev. Rot,er Price, who has had long experience of roads ancl waggons in South Afiica, was then in England, they requested Mr. Price to proceed to Zanzibar to make these inquiries on the spot. The following is a brief outline of Mr. Price's proceedings, and of their result.
  • 877,
  • B- 26, 1877,
  • Mr. Price arrived at Zanzibar on May 2nd, 1876, and, havillb gained much inforlnation bearing upon his purpose, he resolved to pay a preliminary visit to Sadani, on the African coast, and confer with Bwfina Heri, the chief of the tdistrict, respecting a j ourney into the interior.
  • Mr. Price that no f) was known on that road which killed bullocks, and that cattle wele frequently brought down to the coast from the interior. The arrival of an ivory caravan from near Unyanyembe proved that the route proposed was actually isl use, and the information derived from its people i
  • that it contained no speci
  • diffioulties.
moputit

Hermann Habenicht's Spezialkarte von Afrika - A Unique Cartographic Record of African E... - 1 views

'Tshenolo Moputi'

shared by moputit on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • As international interest in Africa had begun to focus on the Congo region that Stanley was in the process of opening up, Léopold II seized the opportunity of this conference to found the Association Internationale Africaine (AIA) with the objective of establishing scientific exploration stations from coast to coast, starting in the east.
    • moputit
      moputit on 26 Apr 23
       
      Leopold began scientific explorations stations from coast to coast at the time Africa was of interest to the rest of the world.
  • Larger-scale regional maps were now needed — and were produced in profusion across Europe, to substantiate, both administratively and commercially, the consolidation of newly acquired European possessions. As the market for up-to-date maps grew in the European nations engaged in colonizing Africa, so did the cartographic output by geographical establishments and societies
  • In the end, the relatively large scale of 1:4,000,000, a cartographic novelty, was adopted for this map. It placed the project in between the smaller scale maps of the continent 12 and the new and ambitious venture by French Captain Régnauld de Lannoy de Bissy, who in 1881 had begun to publish his 1:2,000,000 map of Africa in sixty-three sheets, which we will come to later. Habenicht’s introduction to the first edition of the map in 1885 discusses the matter of scale in some detail. Within just over six months, from the end of 1884 to July 1885, the first installment was ready. The entire map in ten sheets was published by April 1886, less than a year and a half after the launch of the project — a major achievement by any standards of the time and testament to the capabilities of the cartographic enterprise in Gotha.
    • moputit
      moputit on 26 Apr 23
       
      Habenicht's map had a significant impact on African explorations
oratile427

Full article: Hermann Habenicht's Spezialkarte von Afrika - A Unique Cartographic Recor... - 1 views

www.tandfonline.com/...0082288412Z.00000000010

Oratile Malatji

shared by oratile427 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • oratile427 on 26 Apr 23
     
    This article reflects how the exploration of Europeans in east Africa began, plus the article provides insight of Berlin Congo conference of 1884-1885. The article further explained the new development of European exploration in the last quater of the nineteenth century
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