Group items tagged

A class can have subclasses that represent concepts that are more specific than the superclass.

Here we discuss general issues to consider and offer one possible process for developing an ontology. We describe an iterative approach to ontology development: we start with a rough first pass at the ontology. We then revise and refine the evolving ontology and fill in the details. Along the way, we discuss the modeling decisions that a designer needs to make, as well as the pros, cons, and implications of different solutions.

In practical terms, developing an ontology includes: �         defining classes in the ontology, �         arranging the classes in a taxonomic (subclass–superclass) hierarchy, �         defining slots and describing allowed values for these slots, �         filling in the values for slots for instances.

We can then create a knowledge base by defining individual instances of these classes filling in specific slot value information and additional slot restrictions.

Slots describe properties of classes and instances:

some fundamental rules in ontology design

There is no one correct way to model a domain— there are always viable alternatives. The best solution almost always depends on the application that you have in mind and the extensions that you anticipate. 2)      Ontology development is necessarily an iterative process. 3)      Concepts in the ontology should be close to objects (physical or logical) and relationships in your domain of interest. These are most likely to be nouns (objects) or verbs (relationships) in sentences that describe your domain.

how detailed or general the ontology is going to be

what we are going to use the ontology for

concepts in the ontology must reflect this reality

We suggest starting the development of an ontology by defining its domain and scope. That is, answer several basic questions: �         What is the domain that the ontology will cover? �         For what  we are going to use the ontology? �         For what types of questions the information in the ontology should provide answers? �         Who will use and maintain the ontology?

plan to use

domain

If the people who will maintain the ontology describe the domain in a language that is different from the language of the ontology users, we may need to provide the mapping between the languages.

One of the ways to determine the scope of the ontology is to sketch a list of questions that a knowledge base based on the ontology should be able to answer, competency questions

These competency questions are just a sketch and do not need to be exhaustive.

the owner-centric model

permission of a specific ‘owner’ who has to defend the integrity of his module.

different assumptions and effects.

The free-form model connotes more of a sense that all users are on the “same level," and that expertise will be universally recognized and deferred to

the creator of an entry is spared the trouble of reviewing every change before it is integrated, as well as the need to perform the integration

the owner-centric authority model assumes the owner is the de facto expert in the topic at hand,

and all others must defer to them.

the owner must review all modification proposals, and take the time to integrate the good ones.

The owner-centric model is better for quality, but takes more time, while the free-form model increases scope of coverage and is very fast.

'equipotentiality'

rules are generated within the community itself, though mostly in the early phases. After a while, they tend to consolidate and they are a given for the new participants who come later

a process of socialization is crucial to eventual acceptance . The process is akin to the tradition of artisanship, which has been used in the three-degree system of original freemasonry as well: apprentice, companion (fellow craft), master. But it is implied rather than formalized.

Crucial to the success of many collaborative projects is their implementation of the reputation schemes.

Intellectual Property (IP)

increase profitability of the enterprise through innovation

increase the return in investment in innovation activities

Particular attention must be paid to IP protection and ownership

Enhancing profitability

competitive solutions

global business opportunities

In a first phase, the commons simply emerges as an added alternative.

becoming a subsector of society, and starts influencing the whole

phase transition and transformation will need to occur.

how a commons-dominated, i.e. after the phase transition, society would look like.

At its core would be a collection of commons, represented by trusts and for-benefit associations, which protect their common assets for the benefit of present and future generations

The commons ‘rents out’ the use of its resources to entrepreneurs. In other words, business still exists, though infinite growth-based capitalism does not.

More likely is that the corporate forms will be influenced by the commons and that profit will be subsumed to other goals, that are congruent with the maintenance of the commons.

The state will still exist, but will have a radically different nature

Much of its functions will have been taken over by commons institutions, but since these institutions care primarily about their commons, and not the general common good, we will still need public authorities that are the guarantor of the system as a whole, and can regulate the various commons, and protect the commoners against possible abuses. So in our scenario, the state does not disappear, but is transformed, though it may greatly diminish in scope, and with its remaining functions thoroughly democratized and based on citizen participation.

In our vision, it is civil-society based peer production, through the Commons, which is the guarantor of value creation by the private sector, and the role of the state, as Partner State, is to enable and empower the creation of common value. The new peer to peer state then, though some may see that as a contradictio in terminis, is a state which is subsumed under the Commons, just as it is now under the private sector. Such a peer to peer state, if we are correct, will have a much more modest role than the state under a classic state society, with many of its functions taken over by civil society associations, interlinked in processes of global governance. The above then, this triarchy, is the institutional core which replaces the dual private-public binary system that is characteristic of the capitalist system that is presently the dominant format.

fundamental mission is to empower direct social-value creation, and to focus on the protection of the Commons sphere as well as on the promotion of sustainable models of entrepreneurship and participatory politics

the state becomes a 'partner state' and enables autonomous social production.

the state does exist, and I believe that we can’t just imagine that we live in a future state-less society

retreating from the binary state/privatization dilemma to the triarchical choice of an optimal mix amongst government regulation, private-market freedom and autonomous civil-society projects

the role of the state

“the peer production of common value requires civic wealth and strong civic institutions.

trigger the production/construction of new commons by - (co-) management of complexe resource systems which are not limited to local boundaries or specific communities (as manager and partner) - survey of rules (chartas) to care for the commons (mediator or judge) - kicking of or providing incentives for commoners governing their commons - here the point is to design intelligent rules which automatically protect the commons, like the GPL does (facilitator)"

the emergence of the digital commons. It is the experience of creating knowledge, culture, software and design commons, by a combination of voluntary contributions, entrepreneurial coalitions and infrastructure-protecting for-benefit associations, that has most tangibly re-introduced the idea of commons, for all to use without discrimination, and where all can contribute. It has drastically reduced the production, distribution, transaction and coordination costs for the immaterial value that is at the core also of all what we produce physically, since that needs to be made, needs to be designed. It has re-introduced communing as a mainstream experience for at least one billion internet users, and has come with proven benefits and robustness that has outcompeted and outcooperated its private rivals. It also of course offers new ways to re-imagine, create and protect physical commons.

stop enclosures

peer to peer, i.e. the ability to freely associate with others around the creation of common value

communal shareholding, i.e. the non-reciprocal exchange of an individual with a totality. It is totality that we call the commons.

It is customary to divide society into three sectors, and what we want to show is how the new peer to peer dynamic unleashed by networked infrastructures, changes the inter-relationship between these three sectors.

In the current ‘cognitive capitalist’ system, it is the private sector consisting of enterprises and businesses which is the primary factor, and it is engaged in competitive capital accumulation. The state is entrusted with the protection of this process. Though civil society, through the citizen, is in theory ‘sovereign’, and chooses the state; in practice, both civil society and the state are under the domination of the private sector.

it fulfills three contradictory functions

Of course, this is not to say that the state is a mere tool of private business.

protect the whole system, under the domination of private business

protector of civil society, depending on the balance of power and achievements of social movements

protector of its own independent interests

Under fascism, the state achieves great independence from the private sector , which may become subservient to the state. Under the welfare state, the state becomes a protector of the social balance of power and manages the achievements of the social movement; and finally, under the neoliberal corporate welfare state, or ‘market state’, it serves most directly the interests of the financial sector.

key institutions and forms of property.

The state managed a public sector, under its own property.

The private sector , under a regime of private ownership, is geared to profit, discounts social and natural externalities, both positive and negative, and uses its dominance in society to use and dominate the state.

civil society has a relative power as well, through its capability of creating social movements and associations

Capitalism has historically been a pendulum between the private and the public sector

However, this configuration is changing,

the endangerment of the biosphere through the workings of ‘selfish’ market players; the second is the role of the new digital commons.

participatory politics

Peer production gives us an advance picture of how a commons-oriented society would look like. At its core is a commons and a community contributing to it, either voluntarily, or as paid entrepreneurial employees. It does this through collaborative platforms using open standards. Around the commons emerges enterprises that create added value to operate on the marketplace, but also help the maintenance and the expansion of the commons they rely on. A third partner are the for-benefit associations that maintain the infrastructure of cooperation. Public authorities could play a role if they wanted to support existing commons or the creation of new commons, for the value they bring to society.

if a commons is not created as in the case of the digital commons, it is something that is inherited from nature or former generations, given in trust and usufruct, so that it can be transmitted to our descendents. The proper institution for such commons is therefore the trust, which is a corporate form that cannot touch its principal capital, but has to maintain it.

The platform is structured around commons, issues of social, environmental, economic nature,

treated as social objects: the nodes around which social networks are created, conversations and repeated interactions are initiated, new territories explored, meaning and intents shared, learning achieved.

‘pinging of actors’ by ‘citizen-followers’ creates a pull dynamic

will yield conversations, knowledge flow, and feedback loops beneficial to learning, progress visualization, and evaluation

reate a context favorable to collaboration, exchange of ideas and know-how.

The process consists in letting people/organizations:

Select, follow,

Keep informed and track progress

Self assign actor role and communicate/report on self-activity and impact and status of issue.

Share

Find solutions and potential collaborators for action

Select or refer designated actors to acknowledge or request their engagement and action at various levels

participate in the conversation, report on activity and impact

evaluate and rate activity/impact of and trust toward actors' activity, impact and progress.

organize for collective action

garner follower participation

Initiate and participate in conversations, debates, deliberations

The ecosystem is composed of

Common’s spaces

Common’s graph

Progress & Impact or Situation Dashboard

The platform creates a context for the following

Curate the knowledge flow and increase learning

Connect and interrelate people, stakeholders, issues, and knowledge.

Help situate an issue

Define boundaries

Help situate self and others

Identify roles and interdependence between actors and issues.

Visualize the emergent bigger picture

The free-form model connotes more of a sense that all users are on the “same level," and that expertise will be universally recognized and deferred to.

the owner-centric authority model assumes the owner is the de facto expert in the topic at hand

In the case of the Wikipedia, the adherents of the owner-centric model, active in the pre-Wikipedia "Nupedia" model, lost out, and presumable, the success of Wikipedia has proven them wrong

dominance of difficult people, trolls, and their enablers

Far too much credence and respect accorded to people who in other Internet contexts would be labelled "trolls."

Wikipedia has, to its credit, done something about the most serious trolling and other kinds of abuse: there is an Arbitration Committee that provides a process whereby the most disruptive users of Wikipedia can be ejected from the project. But there are myriad abuses and problems that never make it to mediation, let alone arbitration.

most people working on Wikipedia--the constant fighting can be so off-putting as to drive them away

any person who can and wants to work politely with well-meaning

root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise.

Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise

nearly everyone with much expertise but little patience will avoid editing Wikipedia

from a Spreadsheet

from a Site

As a stand-alone servlet

Deciding Whether to Run a Script from a Spreadsheet or as a Service

The built-in code autocomplete functionality in the editor requires you to type the trailing period that follows app.

Plan the script. What tasks should the script accomplish?

Write down the specific information you want to display to or collect from your users.

Draw the user interface

Determine what the script and interface should do in response to any user input.

Determine the conditions for exiting the script.

you need a UiApp application object to contain the user interface elements. After you create the UiApp application object, you can add buttons, dialog boxes, panels, and other elements to the UiApp application object.

The general syntax for these operations is as follows:

To create a UiApp application object, use the syntax var your_application_object_name = UiApp.createApplication();

To create a user interface element and associate it with your UiApp application object, use the syntax var your_ui_element_name= your_application_object_name.createElement_Name();.

To add one user interface element to another

use the syntax your_ui_element_name1.add(your_ui_element_name2);

a button with the text Press Me on it:

creates a vertical panel.

other kinds of panels

pop-up panels, stack panels, focus panels, form panels, and so on.

code for displaying your button on the panel:

add the panel to the application:

nstruct Google Apps Script to display the interface elements:

You can create the user interface elements in any order.

the display order

Creating the elements and adding them to your application are separate steps requiring separate instructions.

a short script that does nothing but display a panel with a button on it.

You can chain together setter methods

sets its title

set the size of the object:

how to use Grid objects and the setWidget method to create a more complex layout and also how to create text boxes and label them.

To make a user interface useful, you need the ability to update a Spreadsheet with information a user enters from the interface.

a short script that responds to an action in the interface by updating the Spreadsheet.

looping structure in the script to keep the panel displayed and active

Server-side means that the actions are performed by a server

same script, with functions added that enable the form to be used multiple times before a user chooses to exit.

script collects some information from text fields on a panel and writes that information into the Spreadsheet.

You can make a script's user interface available to users from inside a Spreadsheet or Site or by running it separately as a service.

how to make the user interface as a service.

A script that provides a stand-alone user interface must invoke the doGet(e) function or the doPost(e) function for an HTML form submit.

A script that provides the user interface from the Spreadsheet invokes doc.show(app).

The doGet(e) function takes the argument e, passing in the arguments for the user interface, including the user name of the person invoking the script.

After you write the script, you publish it as a service. During the publishing process, you define who has access to the script.

In a Google Apps domain, you can publish the script so that only you have access or so that everyone in the domain has access.

In a Google consumer account, you can publish the script so that only you have access or so that everyone in the world has access.

Updating a Spreadsheet from the User Interface, the user interface is displayed from the Spreadsheet where the script is stored. The following code defines how the user interface is displayed:

Here's the skeleton code for displaying a user interface as a stand-alone service:

some aspects of the two ways to display a user interface.