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Studies have shown an inverse relationship between serum testosterone and fasting blood glucose and insulin levels

Medications such as chronic analgesics, anticonvulsants, 5ARIs, and androgen ablation therapy are associated with increased risk of testosterone deficiency and insulin resistance

Women with T2D or metabolic syndrome characteristically have low SHBG and high free testosterone

Hypogonadism is a common feature of the metabolic syndrome

The precise interaction between insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and hypogonadism is, as yet, unclear but the important mechanisms are through increased aromatase production, raised leptin levels, and increase in inflammatory kinins

levels of testosterone are reduced in proportion to degree of obesity

Men should be encouraged to combine aerobic exercise with strength training. As muscle increases, glucose will be burned more efficiently and insulin levels will fall. A minimum of 30 minutes exercise three times weekly should be advised

Testosterone increases levels of fast-twitch muscle fibres

By increasing testosterone, levels of type 2 fibres increase and glucose burning improves

Weight loss will increase levels of testosterone

studies now clearly show that low testosterone leads to visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome and is also a consequence of obesity

In the case of MMAS [43], a baseline total testosterone of less than 10.4 nmol/L was associated with a greater than 4-fold incidence of type 2 diabetes over the next 9 years

There is high level evidence that TRT improves insulin resistance

Low testosterone predicts increased mortality and testosterone therapy improves survival in 587 men with type 2 diabetes

A similar retrospective US study involved 1031 men with 372 on TRT. The cumulative mortality was 21% in the untreated group versus 10% ( ) in the treated group with the greatest effect in younger men and those with type 2 diabetes

the presence of ED has been shown to be an independent risk factor, particularly in hypogonadal men, increasing the risk of cardiac events by over 50%

A recent online publication on ischaemic heart disease mortality in men concluded optimal androgen levels are a biomarker for survival

inverse associations between low TT or FT (Table 2) and the severity of CAD

A recent 10 year study from Western Australia involving 3690 men followed up from 2001–2010 concluded that TT and FT levels in the normal range were associated with decreased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, for the first time suggesting that both low and DHT are associated with all-cause mortality and higher levels of DHT reduced cardiovascular risk

TDS is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality

The effect of treatment with TRT reduced the mortality rate of treated cohort (8.4%) to that of the eugonadal group whereas the mortality for the untreated remained high at 19.2%

hypogonadal men had slightly increased triglycerides and HDL

Men with angiographically proven CAD (coronary artery disease) have significantly lower testosterone levels [29] compared to controls ( ) and there was a significant inverse relationship between the degree of CAD and TT (total testosterone) levels

TRT has also been shown to reduce fibrinogen to levels similar to fibrates

men treated with long acting testosterone showed highly significant reductions in TC, LDL, and triglycerides with increase in HDL, associated with significant reduction in weight, BMI, and visceral fat

Low androgen levels are associated with an increase in inflammatory markers

In the Moscow study, C-reactive protein was reduced by TRT at 30 weeks versus placebo

In some studies, a decline in diastolic blood pressure has been observed, after 3–9 months [24, 26] and in systolic blood pressure

A decline was noted in IL6 and TNF-alpha

No studies to date show an increase in LUTS/BPH symptoms with higher serum testosterone levels

TRT has been shown to upregulate PDE5 [65] and enhance the effect of PDE5Is (now an accepted therapy for both ED and LUTS), it no longer seems logical to advice avoidance of TRT in men with mild to moderate BPH.

Several meta-analyses have failed to show a link between TRT and development of prostate cancer [66] but some studies have shown a tendency for more aggressive prostate cancer in men with low testosterone

low bioavailable testosterone and high SHBG were associated with a 4.9- and 3.2-fold risk of positive biopsy

Current EAU, ISSAM, and BSSM guidance [1, 2] is that there is “no evidence TRT is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer or activation of subclinical cancer.”

Men with prostate cancer, treated with androgen deprivation, develop an increase of fat mass with an altered lipid profile

Erectile dysfunction is an established marker for future cardiovascular risk and the major presenting symptom leading to a diagnosis of low testosterone