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Nathan Goodyear

[Bone and Men's Health. Measurement of salivary te... [Clin Calcium. 2010] - PubMed result - 0 views

  • Testosterone is secreted into saliva. In saliva, testosterone is not bound to proteins. Thus concentration of testosterone in saliva is quite close to the serum free testosterone level. Currently serum free testosterone is measured by a convenient method in Japan, that reflects only 10% of the correct values. However, the correct measurement of serum free testosterone is quite costly. Collection of saliva is not invasive to subjects, and it can be done without paramedicals. Besides it is relatively cheaper. Acquisition of samples in multiple occasions is possible. These advantages of utilizing saliva will introduce the measurements of salivary testosterone in cohort studies or screening of low testosterone levels in the community.
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    Saliva Testing of Testosterone is standard
Nathan Goodyear

Transdermal testosterone replacement therapy in men - 0 views

  • a recent study has suggested that it may sometimes be inaccurate because of abnormal fluctuation of other circulating androgens
    • Nathan Goodyear
       
      The authors are referencing the increase in the suggestions to use other testing techniques i.e. saliva.
  • Testosterone therapy can inhibit hepcidin transcription and is associated with increased iron incorporation into red blood cells and increased erythropoietin concentrations
  • Transdermal TRT has a more favorable adverse effect profile when compared to buccal testosterone formulations
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  • testosterone concentrations should be checked 2–3 months after initiation of therapy and after adjusting the dose
  • the recommendation for injectable testosterone esters is to check the serum concentration midway between injections
  • it is recommended for serum testosterone to be evaluated 3 to 12 hours after application of the transdermal patch
  • Approximately 0.3% of testosterone is converted into estradiol by aromatase (CYP19A1)
  • a study from 1989 utilizing testosterone transdermally containing 5, 10, or 15 mg of testosterone showed that peak concentrations of testosterone were achieved 3 to 8 hours after scrotal application in hypogonadal men
  • measure serum testosterone any time after the patient has been on treatment with gel for at least 1 week
  • evaluate serum testosterone at the end of the dosing interval for testosterone pellets
  • increased amount of fat leads to increased extragonadal aromatase activity, resulting in increased concentrations of estradiol. High circulating concentrations of estradiol down regulate the HPG axis and decrease the amount of circulating testosterone
  • Up to 80% of plasma estradiol originates from aromatization of testosterone and less than 20% of estradiol in the circulation is secreted by the testes
  • A PSA concentration, digital rectal examination, and hematocrit should be performed at baseline and at 3 months, 6 months, then yearly after TRT is initiated.
  • It is used for many medications and has the advantage of high bioavailability, absence of hepatic first pass metabolism, increased therapeutic efficacy, and steadiness of plasma concentrations of the drug
  • If the hematocrit rises above 54%, treatment should be discontinued
  • elderly men having higher estradiol serum concentrations than postmenopausal women
Nathan Goodyear

Comparison of salivary versus serum testos... [Menopause. 2009 Jul-Aug] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    this study looked at salivary testosterone to serum testosterone and found poor correlation.  One major problem with this study is the significantly smaller amount (10 fold) of testosterone in women than men in healthy individuals.  This study took place in postmenopausal women, which would have significantly lower levels than healthy women.  They also don't discuss the pitfalls of equilibrium dialysis of serum free testosterone.  Another major flaw is the mere logic of looking at serum for tissue activity.   What is the correlation between serum levels and tissue activity.  There is tremendous assumptions being undertaken that serum levels of testosterone whether total or free translate to genomic or non-genomic signaling.  I also wonder if newer techniques using Mass Spec can better detect the typically pico levels of testosterone in women's saliva?  This study does nothing to dissuade the use of salivary testing.
Nathan Goodyear

Salivary Testosterone and a Trinucleotide (CAG) Length Polymorphism in the Androgen Rec... - 0 views

  • Testosterone correlated inversely with participant age (r = −0.39, p = 0.012) and positively with number of CAG repeats
  • transactivation potential of the AR appears to decline in graded relation to an increasing number of CAG repeats, which are distributed over a normative range of 11–37 and, in Caucasian populations, commonly average 21–22 repeats
  • When activated by androgens, ARs translocate to the cell nucleus, where they exert transcriptional control of androgen-dependent genes by binding to androgen response elements within gene regulatory sequences
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  • some evidence suggests a high number of CAG repeats may be associated with cognitive aging
  • androgens (like other steroid hormones) promote or repress the expression of genes specifying an array of cellular proteins
  • diurnal variation in testosterone levels
  • salivary testosterone correlated negatively with participant age and positively with CAG length variation in the AR gene
  • CAG repeat number varied inversely with reactivity of the ventral amygdala to facial expressions of negative affect
  • higher salivary testosterone was likewise associated with a greater number of AR CAG repeats
  • relative androgen insensitivity in ARs with a larger number of CAG repeats
  • Because circulating testosterone is regulated via negative feedback through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, diminished androgen sensitivity at higher CAG repeat lengths may reduce feedback suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH). LH would then be maintained at higher levels, in turn promoting higher testosterone production
  • Testosterone up-regulates AVP expression in the amygdala
  • Oxytocin exerts an inhibitory influence on AVP expression in the central amygdala, and the synthesis of oxytocin is mediated by estrogen and estrogen receptors
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    Study used saliva to measure Testosterone levels in men.  Testosterone levels were inversely associated with age, but positively associated with CAG repeat sequences in the AR.
Nathan Goodyear

Redefining Metabolic Syndrome in Men (July 2012) Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients - 0 views

  • Approximately 95% to 98% of testosterone is bound to a carrier protein at any given time, leaving just the remaining 2% to 5% as completely unbound and available for tissues to use
  • most serum laboratories offer a free testosterone level, which is a calculated value based on SHBG levels or determined with equilibrium dialysis
  • the hormone enters the salivary gland by passive diffusion
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  • Testosterone has a known age-related decline, and total levels typically drop by approximately 1.6% per year beginning for most men in their 30s
  • As estrogen levels rise, they prompt the body to produce more SHBG, which in turn has a higher binding affinity for testosterone, and drives the unbound fraction of the testosterone pool down even further
  • When the increase in SHBG is taken into account, the age-related decline in the level of hormone that can be used by the body is closer to 2% to 3% per year.
  • Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), an herb commonly used for allergies, can also be employed to bind to SHBG, which leaves more testosterone available to tissues
  • Leptin, an adipose-derived peptide hormone that regulates appetite and metabolism, has been shown to directly inhibit testosterone production in animal models
  • tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) further inhibit Leydig cell testosterone production
  • Natural aromatase inhibitors include the bioflavonoids chrysin and luteolin
  • Zinc deficiency causes an upregulation of the aromatase enzyme
  • Testosterone reduces lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity
  • there are several herbs that can work to boost testosterone levels, including longjack (Eurycoma longifolia), horny goat weed (Epimedium grandiflorum), and tribulus (Tribulus terrestris).
  • the majority of the hormone is bound to carrier proteins including sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin
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    nice and short review on testosterone and men's  health.
Nathan Goodyear

A Critical evaluation of salivary testosterone as a... [Steroids. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Since when did one medium of evaluation become the only standard.  Since serum T has been the historical standard, that is the only window of evaluation??  This study points to higher free Testosterone levels in saliva versus serum. Has anyone ever thought that we are merely looking through different windows of the same process.  Each window here, serum and saliva, are merely giving us different information on hormones.  That doesn't make one right or wrong, it just requires interpretation.  Science is about being objective! Saliva is the best means to evaluate intracellular hormone levels.  These levels should be different than serum.  Why should anyone think that the total levels would correlate with that delivered to a cell.  Think.
Nathan Goodyear

Circadian variation in salivary testosterone across age classes in Ache Amerindian male... - 0 views

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    this article looked at normal testosterone rhythm  via saliva.  Normal testosterone peaks in am and is lowest in pm. The normal testosterone rhythm decreases as a man ages.  This is similar results as seen in serum.
Nathan Goodyear

The Diagnostic Applications of Saliva- A Review - 0 views

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    Fantastic article on the review of the clinical use of saliva testing.  Of note, is the extensive documentation of the validation studies of hormone saliva testing.  Clearly, if a physician is against saliva testing, it is because of a lack of knowledge on the subject.
Nathan Goodyear

Free Testosterone Measurement by the Analog Displacement Direct Assay: Old Concerns and... - 0 views

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    the standard technique of "free testosterone" calculation today is via equilibrium dialysis.  This article describes the problem with current evaluation techniques of current free testosterone evaluation: "this method, although sensitive and reproducible, is cumbersome and not easily adaptable to automated methods".  Most values of "free testosterone" today are either calculated or estimated as this article points out.  Why not just measure with saliva?!
Nathan Goodyear

Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Assay for Simultaneous Measur... - 0 views

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    MS-LS show to be highly sensitive in the dual identification of testosterone and cortisol in saliva. These hormones were found to be stable up to 28 days at room temperature. This disproves the argument that saliva, as a test medium, has a very short shelf life.
Nathan Goodyear

Salivary testosterone measurements in growing pi... [Res Vet Sci. 2014] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    validation of saliva testing in animals.  The point is saliva testing for Testosterone is valid.
Nathan Goodyear

Validation of salivary testosterone as a screening test for male hypogonadism - 0 views

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    This study reviewed two studies and both validated salivary testosterone as a method of testing. The statistical significance was very high. Additionally, they found a 47% decline in testosterone over the study lifespan of a man. So, again, what is the opposition to saliva testing? The only thing I can think of is resistance to change and/or lack of education. As a scientist, neither is acceptable.
Nathan Goodyear

[Serum and salivary testosterone levels in erectil... [Orv Hetil. 1998] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Small study looking at testosterone in men with ED.  They found "serum total testosterone level is not a sensitivity indicator for detection of hypogonadism".  Salivary free testosterone levels is the best way to evaluate androgen levels.
Nathan Goodyear

http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/869/art%253A10.1007%252Fs12020-015-0650-6.pdf?o... - 0 views

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    Opinion publication recommends total Testosterone as primary means of evaluating Testosterone.  This recommendation relies on the use of immunoassay techniques which can lack specificity compared to newer LC/MS and GC/MS techniques.  The authors did recommend using salivary Testosterone when borderline and SHBG variables play in, which happens to be most clients I see.  The best approach is to use both simultaneously to give a more clear physiologic picture to start.
Nathan Goodyear

Exercise-Induced Responses in Salivary Testosterone, Cortisol, and ... - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Meta analysis of salivary Testosterone and cortisol finds mixed results.  The results are by no means uniform, but resistance training appears to trend to an increased salivary Testosterone and salivary Testosterone to salivary cortisol ratio.  Cardio trends the opposite.  This fits with prior literature on the types of exercise and hormone results.
Nathan Goodyear

Salivary Sex Hormone Measurement in a National, Population-Based Study of Older Adults - 0 views

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    Another study supports saliva hormone testing.  This study involved 2,722 individuals and tested estradiol, progesterone, DHEA and testosterone in men and women.  All of these are sex hormones.  Someone needs to tell the insurance companies that the overwhelming evidence supports saliva hormone testing.  But, that would mean they are even interested in the science.
Nathan Goodyear

Saliva cortisol, testosterone and T/C ratio... [Int J Sports Med. 1999] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    this study looked at salivary testosterone and cortisol in exercise recovery.  They found a low T/C ratio in this athletes.  This is a catabolic state.  A normalization of the a low T/C ratio will increase muscle recovery and should improve performance.  Testing was with saliva
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Journal of Steroid Biochemistry : Saliva testosterone time-course respo... - 0 views

  • Thus it was suggested to collect saliva instead of plasma for the evaluation of testicular secretion of testosterone after hCG administration
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    salivary testosterone testing validated
Nathan Goodyear

Predictive accuracy and sources of variabil... [Ann Clin Biochem. 2009] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Study finds variations in calculated free testosterone.  Most of the variability is from the total testosterone, lesser due to the formulas, and third to the SHBG assay.  The point here, is there are too many variables to place a lot of weight on calculated free T in serum. Jus test it in the saliva.
Nathan Goodyear

[Effects of testosterone on insulin r... [Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Testosterone shown to improve GLUT 4 and IRS-1 expression with low dose short term therapy; in contrast, high dose, prolonged therapy shown to down regulate IRS-1 and GLUT 4 expression.  This shows the importance of using saliva for evaluation versus serum.  Serum testing routinely leads to over treatment with high dosages of testosterone.
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