cochrane review of 9 studies involving 751 patients, shows little difference between antidepressants and "active placebos". The two groups both improved mood, but there was very little difference between the 2. Take home: "...the effects of antidepressants my be generally overestimated..."
Data review finds NAC improves pregnancy rates and ovulation rates in women with PCOS against placebo. Meta-analysis revealed limited studies on the topic. When compared to metformin, there was no difference found. Though, one wonders if attacking insulin resistance through proper diet and additional neutraceutical approach would negate that. The reason? NAC and metformin are working in different biochemical pathways. The authors here seem to not realize this. It appears that they think NAC and metormin are both working in the same manner, but they don't. The fact that there is still benefit found compared to placebo, despited the authors lack of understanding of what NAC is and does is a positive.
The MVC and PTmax were significantly improved in TRT patients but remained unchanged in the placebo group
handgrip strength improved significantly with testosterone treatment
According to EF assessed by echocardiography, no differences were observed between the patients who were prescribed testosterone and those who received placebo
There were no differences between the groups in circulating levels of NT pro-BNP, and inflammatory markers were unchanged, except for a decrease in TNF-α from baseline in the placebo group
Testosterone supplementation therapy appeared to be safe, and the subjects who accepted testosterone treatment did not appear any obvious adverse reactions.
Testosterone therapy in men with CHF found to increase exercise capacity, reduced the Q-T interval in men, improved muscle strength in men, and was found to be safe in meta-analysis.
The benefits of anti-depressants in mild to moderate depression is no better than placebo. However, in severe depression and with increasing severity, anti-depressants are better than placebo.
the present study demonstrated that individualized homeopathy is significantly better than placebo in lessening tender point
pain and improving the quality of life and global health of persons with fibromyalgia.
play a role during the initial chemotactic response of neutrophils shortly after infection
following vitamin C supplementation, a 20% increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity was observed
also contributes to the phagocytosis and killing of microbes by neutrophils
low levels of vitamin C occurring in high-stress situations
maturation, proliferation, and viability of T cells have all been shown to be upregulated by the presence of normal physiologic concentrations of vitamin C
Vitamin C has been shown to directly affect the number of Igs released from B cells
vitamin C among healthy young adult males showed a significant increase in serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM
effects of high-dose vitamin C on cytokine levels in cancer patients, finding decreased amounts of the cytokines Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-2, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after high-dose vitamin C infusion
when vitamin C was supplemented with vitamin E in healthy adults, it increased the production of cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
vitamin C acts to modulate the levels of cytokines to prevent them from fluctuating in either direction
vitamin C also acts as an important antioxidant to the cells of the immune system.
human leukocytes, neutrophils, in particular, possess the ability to transport the oxidized form of vitamin C across its membrane to use as a defense mechanism against ROS produced during an immune response
Vitamin C also can recover other endogenous antioxidants in the body such as vitamin E and glutathione, returning them to their active state
vitamin C can decrease the activation of NF-kB
can reduce harmful nitrogen-based compounds such as N-nitrosamines and nitrosamides, both of which are carcinogenic
subjects taking oral vitamin C supplementation saw a 60% to 90% reduction in oxidative stress compared to a placebo control
subjects infused with vitamin C alone had a 516% increase in glutathione levels compared to subjects not provided the 500 mg daily supplementation
hydroxylating proline and lysine
mature and stabilize the tissue of a healing wound
healing
oral surgery
improved soft tissue regeneration
vitamin C increases the mRNA levels of type I and type III collagen in the human dermis
Studies have demonstrated that those with low levels of vitamin C are at a significantly higher risk of respiratory infection compared to those with normal levels
viral cold duration was reduced by about 8% in adults and 13.5% in children using prophylactic daily doses of 200 mg of oral vitamin C
prophylactically supplementing vitamin C decreases the risk of infection with respiratory viruses such as the common cold
combined with probiotics, oral vitamin C supplementation showed a 33% decrease in the incidence of respiratory tract infections in preschool-age children [
high-dose oral supplementation of vitamin C managed to prevent or reduce symptoms if taken before or just after the onset of cold- or flu-like symptoms
improvements in oxygen saturation and decreased IL-6 levels (a marker of inflammation) in the treatment group compared to the control group
8 g doses of oral vitamin C
there is a negative correlation between age and serum levels of vitamin C
Patients with COVID-19 will likely also experience depletion in serum levels of vitamin C as a direct result of the upregulation of the immune system to combat the infection
Colunga et al. suggested that oral vitamin C can be combined with oral Quercetin, an antiviral flavonoid, to improve Quercetin’s ability to block viral membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2
high doses of 1-2 g/day of oral vitamin C could prevent other upper respiratory infections
It appears vitamin C supplementation by itself does not provide a striking benefit in preventing COVID-19 infection for those without a deficiency
Flawed statement. What is normal? Vitamin D.
Many variables effect levels and dose, including the two compartment kinetics and absorption.
Hiedra et al. were able to show decreases in inflammatory biomarkers, such as D-dimer and ferritin
some evidence to support that prophylactic use of vitamin C helps reduce the severity of respiratory infection symptoms once a subject has already been infected
oral vitamin C in combination with zinc provided the largest amount of antibody titers 42 days
linear relationship between days of vitamin C therapy and survival duration
other studies were unable to find any definitive improvement concerning therapy with vitamin C
Either these studies are designed to fail or the authors are lacking some basic understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with vitamin C.
Fowler et al. aimed to see if a high-dose vitamin C infusion would benefit patients affected by ARDS, but they were unable to conclude that vitamin C infusion, compared to a placebo, could decrease vascular inflammation and damage in ARDS
They are kind of make the point from my earlier note.
continuous vitamin C infusion at a rate of 60 mg/kg/day for four days decreased the need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use but had no significant effect on overall mortality
Again, designed to fail or ignorance designed the study which failed
Carr et al. suggested that high-dose IV vitamin C is most effective when treating sepsis as septic patients receiving the normal daily recommendations through diet still showed decreased vitamin C levels
High-dose IV vitamin C treatment has also been shown by Kakodkar et al. to decrease syndecan-1, an endothelial glycocalyx that contributes to mortality in septic patients
combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
reduced overall mortality
reduced overall mortality
propose the use for high-dose vitamin C to aid in the treatment of septic shock-induced hypotension
treatment of severe sepsis using a high dose (up to 200 mg/kg/day) of IV vitamin C was explored in phase I, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Fowler et al. [75]. Their findings included a reduction in SOFA scores and decreased vascular injury compared to a placebo control group, all while showing minimal adverse side effects
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amazingly, up to 20% of patents with depression do worse on anti-depressant therapy (SSRI). These are labeled non-responders, but when compared to placebo, the difference was significant. Maybe, we should check their neurotransmitters first?
Weight loss was identical between the two groups, and there was no evidence for differential effects on hunger, mood or localized body measurements. Placebo injections, therefore, appear to be as effective as HCG in the treatment of obesity.
Small study found that 2 months of clomid therapy increased LH, FSH, total Testosterone, and free Testosterone over placebo. Improvement in ED was minimal and most in young men. This is consistent with other studies that have found that less effects are seen in those with multiple comorbidities.
This study looked at those with previous MIs. This study found a reduction in recurrent events in those receiving EDTA chelation versus placebo. The authors of this study looked at the Hazard ratio, which was reduced in every end point that this study was designed to evaluate.
Large, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of 14,641 men found that daily MVA reduced cancer risk by 8%. These were just general multivitamins. Customized would have probably provided better results as they would have met the deficiencies of the individual.