Chronic stress increases cardiovascular disease. Of note, chronic stress reduces eNOS activity and NO bioavailability, increased lipid oxidation (oxLDL) via a reduction in antioxidant protection, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased thrombosis and clotting risk, increased blood pressure and reduced HRV.
macrophages (M1) in obese individuals are more pro-inflammatory than those in lean (M2) individuals. The exact mechanism to explain the switch from M2 to M1 has yet to be determined, but this study proposes that lipotoxic oxidized LDL is a possible target