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Nathan Goodyear

The frequency of salivary progesterone sampling an... [Gynecol Endocrinol. 1992] - PubM... - 0 views

  • A single mid-luteal salivary progesterone estimation or the mid-luteal Lenton progesterone index (n = 4) satisfactorily reflected the normal luteal phase, but a frequency of one sample every 3 days over the luteal phase (n = 5-6) was necessary to allow recognition of a short luteal phase or poor progesterone surge.
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    The frequency of salivary progesterone sampling and the diagnosis of luteal phase insufficiency.
Nathan Goodyear

Oestrogen receptor α and β mRNA expression in human endometrium throughout th... - 0 views

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    Estrogen receptors alpha and beta show dominance in the proliferative phases, with alpha isoform predominating.  In the secretory phase, less expression of ER was present. ER alpha was predominantly expressed in the epithelial and stromal cells in the proliferative phase.  ER beta was predominantly expressed in glandular cells in the same proliferative phase.   in the luteal phase, ER alpha expression declined in the funtionalis layers.  ER alpha in the basalis remained unchanged.  ER beta in the functionalis layers also declined in the luteal phase.   No relative change was found in the weak expression of ER alpha/beta in the myometrium.
Nathan Goodyear

Follicular and luteal phase salivary progesterone ... [Gynecol Endocrinol. 1994] - PubM... - 0 views

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    Follicular and luteal phase salivary progesterone profiles in women with endometriosis and infertility.
Nathan Goodyear

A potential role of endogenous progesterone in mod... [Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009] - P... - 0 views

  • These data also suggest that endogenous progesterone could play a modulation role on pituitary hormone secretion, stimulating GH and PRL release and enhancing the inhibitory action of sleep on TSH secretion.
  • normally cycling young women, daytime GH and PRL secretions are increased in luteal phase
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    normal luteal progesterone production stimulate HGH release
Nathan Goodyear

Metabolic endotoxaemia - a potential novel link between ovarian inflammation and impair... - 0 views

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    Systemic LPS, metabolic endotoxemia, that is the result of inflammation originating out of the gut found to cause luteal phase dysfunction--low progesterone.  Now, we have the gut-hormone connection.
Nathan Goodyear

Progesterone luteal support after ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination: an... - 0 views

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    Progesterone in the luteal phase improves the success of gonadotropins and IUI.
Nathan Goodyear

Endogenous Steroid Hormone Concentrations and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Premenopausal... - 0 views

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    Prospective study finds that elevated total and free Estradiol levels in the follicular phase and elevated total and free Testosterone levels in both the follicular and luteal phase are associated with increased breast cancer in women.  The risk is for pre menopause in this study.  This and several other studies point to serious questions about the massive dosing of Testosterone via pellets, injections, and topicals for libido.  We appear to be following the same patter as seen with premarin, provera, now Testosterone in men and this may be the next ball to drop.  Is the Testosterone therapy merely producing an environment that feeds breast cancer?
Nathan Goodyear

Inadequate Corpus Luteal Function in Women with Benign Breast Diseases -- SITRUK-WARE e... - 0 views

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    estrogen dominance (high estradiol/low progesterone) increases risk of non-benign breast disease
Nathan Goodyear

http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(17)30054-7/pdf - 0 views

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    Progesterone in the luteal phase aids pregnancy and live birth rates in women receiving gonadotropin ovulation induction.  
Nathan Goodyear

Luteal start vaginal micronized progesterone improves pregnancy success in women with r... - 0 views

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    Recurrent early pregnancy losses can be prevented not with provera, not with progestin, but with progesterone. The use of progesterone by the functional medicine movement has long been advocated and supported in the science; now the allopathic medicine will try to claim it as its own.
Nathan Goodyear

Dietary factors and luteal phase deficiency in healthy eumenorrheic women - 0 views

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    great read and review of diet and hormones in cycling women.
Nathan Goodyear

Natural Killer Cells in Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Endocrine and Immunolog... - 0 views

  • NK cells have been the cells most extensively studied, primarily because they constitute the predominant leukocyte population present in the endometrium at the time of implantation and in early pregnancy
  • parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anatomic anomalies, endometrial infections, endocrine etiologies (luteal phase defect, thyroid dysfunction, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus), antiphospholipid syndrome, inherited thrombophilias, and alloimmune causes
  • estrogen
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  • progesterone
  • prolactin
  • In summary, in vivo animal experiments have shown an inhibitory role of estrogen on peripheral NK cell lytic activity, which is partly due to suppression of NK cell output by the bone marrow and partly due to suppression of individual NK cell cytotoxicity. However, in vitro studies so far have failed to show conclusively a direct effect of estrogen on NK cells.
  • At the progesterone concentrations believed to be present in the uterus [up to 10−5 m at the maternal-fetal interface (35)], studies consistently show inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (33) and inhibition of NK cytolytic activity in vitro
  • The exact role of prolactin in NK cell regulation is unknown.
  • The overall effects of estrogen on NK cells are likely multifactorial, therefore, and depend on the type of cell affected as well as the kind of ER expressed by that cell.
  • It is known that progesterone can directly affect T cell differentiation in vitro, suppressing development of the Th1 pathway and enhancing differentiation along the Th2 pathway (44)
  • Th1 cells predominantly produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, and TNF-β and are involved in cell-mediated immunity. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 and stimulate humoral immunity
  • Furthermore, in response to progesterone, γδ T cells produce progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) (54
  • A defining characteristic of NK cells is their ability to lyse target cells without prior sensitization and without restriction by HLA antigens.
  • NK cell function is mainly regulated by IL-2 and IFN-γ
  • IL-2 causes both NK cell proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity. IFN-γ augments NK cytolytic activity, but does not cause NK proliferation. The two cytokines act synergistically to augment NK cytotoxicity (6).
  • The largest leukocyte population in the endometrium consists of NK cells named large granulated lymphocytes
  • there is a significant increase in the number of uNK cells throughout the secretory phase, which peaks in early pregnancy when uNK cells comprise about 75% of uterine leukocytes (62)
  • Second, uNK cell phenotype changes during the normal menstrual cycle and early pregnancy (68)
  • general proinflammatory effect of estrogen, causing an influx of macrophages and neutrophils, which is antagonized by progesterone through its receptor (70, 71).
  • The mechanism of such a progesterone-induced local immunosuppression is unclear.
  • progesterone plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of uNK cells (32).
  • Through promotion of a uterine Th2 environment, progesterone could indirectly affect uNK cell function
  • The mechanism of this increase in uNK cell numbers has been addressed in both human and mouse models, and is likely the result of: 1) recruitment of peripheral NK cells to the uterus, and 2) proliferation of existing uNK cells
  • prolactin system plays an important role in implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy
  • the exact pathways of hormonal regulation of NK cells remain to be delineated.
  • The exact function of uNK cells has not yet been unequivocally determined
  • uNK cells express a different cytokine profile, compared with resting peripheral NK cells. mRNAs for granulocyte CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) have been found in decidual CD56+ cells
  • Their increased numbers in early pregnancy, their hormonal dependence, and their close proximity to the infiltrating trophoblast all suggest that they play an important role in the regulation of the maternal immune response to the fetal allograft and the control of trophoblast growth and invasion during human pregnancy
  • role of uNK cell-derived cytokines on trophoblast growth and differentiation (114, 115, 116, 117).
  • Th1 immunity to trophoblast is associated with RPL, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with a successful pregnancy
  • RPL is associated with Th1 immunity, for which NK cells are partly responsible.
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    dysregulated immune system plays role in recurrent miscarriage.  Specifically, this article discusses natural killer cells (NK).
Nathan Goodyear

EHP - Bisphenol A Exposure during Adulthood Causes Augmentation of Follicular... - 0 views

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    Bisphenol A shown to disrupt ovarian estrogen production from exposure in adults.  The point of this that is important is that BPA, a xenoestrogen, can infact disrupt physiologic hormone production in adults, and contribute to ovarian failure.  BPA, itself, is 1,000 fold weaker than E2, yet it disrupts ovarian function.
Nathan Goodyear

Salivary progesterone and luteal function in two l... [Hum Biol. 1986] - PubMed result - 0 views

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    Saliva testing has many potential uses
Nathan Goodyear

Endogenous sex hormones and subsequent breast canc... [Int J Cancer. 2004] - PubMed result - 0 views

  • These findings support the hypothesis that ovarian hyperandrogenism associated with luteal insufficiency increases the risk of BC in premenopausal women.
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    Progesterone deficiency and elevated male hormones in women increase premenopausal breast cancer
Nathan Goodyear

Diagnosing Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults - 0 views

  • it is clear that serum IGF-1 and or IGFBP-3 can be normal in patients with undisputed GHD
  • Various investigators have reported normal IGF-1 values in 37–70% of GH deficient adults
  • The co-administration of arginine and GHRH (the combined test) is a powerful stimulus for GH production and has gained increasing acceptance as a useful method of diagnosing GHD [34]. This test has been advocated as a suitable alternative to ITT
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  • The glucagon stimulation test (GST) is a reliable, safe alternative to the ITT in the diagnosis of GHD
  • It has also been suggested that that even mildly increased BMI (25–30 kg/m2) can result in diminished stimulated GH production in 13% of healthy subjects
  • Obesity, particularly marked obesity, is associated with blunted GH secretion in response to provocative stimuli
  • An intravenous infusion of arginine (0.5 g/kg body weight) together with an intravenous bolus of GHRH (1 mcg/kg body weight) is administered [30]. Serum samples for GH are then obtained every 15–30 minutes for two hours.
  • GH levels are higher during the luteal phase in comparison with the follicular phase of the cycle
  • Corneli et al. have defined BMI-specific cut-off points for diagnosing adult-onset GHD using GHRH + arginine—11.5 ng/mL for those with BMI < 25 kg/m2, 8.0 ng/mL for BMI 25–30 kg/m2, 4.2 ng/mL for those with BMI > 30 kg/m2
  • Oral, in contrast to transdermal oestrogen, lowers IGF-1 levels and is associated with increased GH levels
  • Adequate pituitary replacement with thyroxine and hydrocortisone are needed for optimal GH production
  • one cannot rely on a low IGF-1 to diagnose GHD in women taking oral oestrogen preparations.
  • Numerous GH secretagogues are available with the insulin tolerance test being the gold standard and the glucagon stimulation test or the GHRH + arginine as acceptable alternatives
  • ain et al. found the GST to be at least as good as the ITT in provoking GH secretion
  • the GST is safe, with almost no contraindications, it causes nausea and sometimes vomiting in 15–20% of subjects
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    Nice, more recent analysis, of HGH testing.
Nathan Goodyear

A randomized, controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of aqueous subcutaneou... - 0 views

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    Bioidentical progesterone used in IVF.  This is not new, the SQ administration is.  So, physicians cry against BHRT, yet bioidentical progesterone has been used for years in the treatment of infertility.
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