physical contact with infants effects changes in genetic expression--epigenetics. In this study, methylation patters were altered in the evaluation of 4 genes by "maternal contact" with infants 4-5 years later indicating a lasting and possible life-long effect of genetic expression from a mother's hug.
Max Motamedian comes as one of the recognized businessmen in the country who also serves as the CEO of Total Nutricare LLC which is indulged in vitamin and supplement business since 2008. Ever since the inception of this firm in the business world around, Mr. Mohsen Motamedian has been phenomenal in most of its core functions like marketing, sales, purchasing, and distribution.
Computer Science
Tuesday, April 25, 2023
Computer hardware
Computer hardware is the physical components that make up a computer system. It includes everything from the central processing unit (CPU) to the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Understanding the different types of hardware and how they work together is essential for anyone who works with computers. In this article, we will explore the various components of computer hardware, including internal and external components, and the peripherals that connect to them. We will also discuss the importance of hardware maintenance, the latest advancements in computer technology, and factors to consider when choosing the right hardware for your needs. Whether you are a computer technician, a gamer, or simply someone who uses a computer for everyday tasks, this article will help you better understand the world of computer hardware.
Introduction to Computer Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. It includes everything from the processor and memory to input/output devices such as the keyboard and monitor. In this article, we will explore the different types of computer hardware and their functions.
What is Computer Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. It includes all the components that can be touched, seen, and used to interact with a computer, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Hardware is different from computer software, which refers to the programs and applications that run on a computer system.
History of Computer Hardware
The history of computer hardware dates back to the 1820s when Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, and inventor, designed the first analytical engine, which was considered to be the first mechanical computer. With time, more complex electronic computers were developed, including the first Intel microprocessor in 1971. Since then, computer hardware has continued to evolve, becoming
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"CNB was found to promote the lung metastasis of breast cancer, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated by the TGF‑β1 signaling pathway."
The most abundant lipid constituents are triacylglycerols, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters and
phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin especially ), though fat-soluble vitamins and anti-oxidants
are also transported in this way
the lipoprotein aggregates should be described in terms of the different protein components or
apoproteins (or 'apolipoproteins'
these classes can be further refined by improved separation procedures, and intermediate-density lipoproteins
(IDL) and subdivisions of the HDL
(e.g. HDL1, HDL2, HDL3 and so forth
Density is determined largely by the relative concentrations of triacylglycerols and proteins
and by the diameters of the broadly spherical particles
Lipoproteins are spherical (VLDL, LDL, HDL) to discoidal (nascent HDL) in shape with a core of non-polar lipids,
triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, and a surface monolayer, ~20Å thick,
consisting of apoproteins, phospholipids and non-esterified cholesterol,
which serves to present a hydrophobic face to the aqueous phase
the various lipid components should not be considered as absolute,
as they are in a state of constant flux
Apo A1 is the main protein component of HDL
Apo A2 is the second most important HDL apolipoprotein
the main groups are classified as chylomicrons (CM), very-low-density lipoproteins
(VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins
(HDL), based on the relative densities of the aggregates on ultracentrifugation
The lipoproteins can be categorised simplistically according to their two main metabolic functions.
The principal role of the chylomicrons and VLDL is to transport triacylglycerols
‘forward’ as a source of fatty acids from the
intestines or liver to the peripheral tissues. In contrast, the HDL remove excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and
deliver it to the liver for excretion in bile in the form of
bile acids (‘reverse cholesterol transport’).
While these functions are considered separately here for convenience,
it should be recognised that the processes are highly complex and inter-related, and they involve transfer of apoproteins,
enzymes and lipid constituents among the heterogeneous mix of all the lipoprotein fractions.
SHBG decreases in response to androgens, and in the presence of hypothyroidism, and insulin resistance.
Plasma SHBG levels tend to increase with increasing age
The apparent metabolic clearance rate of testosterone is decreased in elderly as compared to younger men
Testosterone circulates predominantly bound to the plasma proteins SHBG and albumin, with high and low affinity respectively
Testosterone is secreted in a pulsatile fashion
Current clinical guidelines suggest at least two measurements
In adult men, there is a well-documented diurnal variation (particularly in younger subjects) in testosterone levels, which are highest in the early morning and progressively decline throughout the day to a nadir in the evening
In older men, the diurnal variation is blunted
it is standard practice for samples to be obtained between 0800 and 1100 h.
Testosterone and DHEA decline, whereas LH, FSH, and SHBG rise
DHT remains constant despite the decline of its precursor testosterone
Longitudinal studies show an average annual decline of 1–2% total testosterone levels, with decline in free testosterone more rapid because of increases in SHBG with aging
Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) data show DHEA, DHEAS, and Ae declining at 2–3% per year
DHT showed no cross-sectional age trend
Androstanediol glucuronide (AAG) declined cross-sectionally with age in the MMAS sample, at 0.6% per year
The EMAS data show that, consistent with the longitudinal findings of MMAS (Figure 1), the core hormonal pattern with increasing age is suggestive of incipient primary testicular dysfunction with maintained total testosterone and progressively blunted free testosterone associated with higher LH
This author proves the point in the review of these two studies, that TT may remain constant in aging men, however, FT drops.
obesity impairs hypothalamic/pituitary function
Androgen deprivation in men with prostate cancer has been associated with increased insulin resistance, worse glycemic control, and a significant increase in risk of incident diabetes
Low serum testosterone is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome 116, 117 and type 2 diabetes. 118 SHBG has been inversely correlated with type 2 diabetes
Improvement in insulin sensitivity with testosterone treatment has been reported in healthy 121 and diabetic 122 adult men
In studies conducted in men with central adiposity, testosterone has been shown to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity in abdominal adipose tissue leading to decreased triglyceride uptake in central fat depots. 123
Increased resistance to insulin action in the skeletal muscle and liver associated with enhanced hepatic glucose
output and impaired insulin secretion due to a progressive decline of β-cell function are long-recognized core defects
in addition, other mechanisms/organs are involved, augmenting the pathological pathways: adipocytes (altered fat metabolism
due to insulin resistance), gastrointestinal tract (incretin deficiency and/or resistance), pancreatic α-cells (hyperglucagonemia
and increased hepatic sensitivity to glucagon), kidneys (enhanced glucose reabsorption), and central nervous system (insulin
resistance)
Incretins are gut-derived hormones, members of the glucagon superfamily, released in response to nutrient ingestion (mainly
glucose and fat)
They exert a wide range of effects, including stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent
manner and play an important role in the local gastrointestinal and whole-body physiology