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Mars Base

Dinosaurs were lighter than previously thought, new study shows - 0 views

phys.org/...ighter-previously-thought.html

scibyte50 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 06 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Scientists have developed a new technique to accurately measure the weight and size of dinosaurs and discovered they are not as heavy as previously thought.
  • biologists used lasers to measure the minimum amount of skin required to wrap around the skeletons of modern-day mammals, including reindeer, polar bears, giraffes and elephants
  • discovered that the animals had almost exactly 21% more body mass than the minimum skeletal 'skin and bone' wrap volume, and applied this to a giant Brachiosaur skeleton
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Previous estimates of this Brachiosaur's weight have varied, with estimates as high as 80 tonnes
  • Manchester team's calculations – published in the journal Biology Letters – reduced that figure to just 23 tonnes
  • new technique will apply to all dinosaur weight measurements
  • One of the most important things palaeobiologists need to know about fossilised animals is how much they weighed
  • surprisingly difficult
  • laser scanned various large mammal skeletons, including polar bear, giraffe and elephant
  • This has the advantage of requiring minimal user intervention and is therefore more objective and far quicker
Mars Base

SpaceX capsule back on solid ground after flight - 0 views

phys.org/...psule-solid-ground-flight.html

scibyte50 SpaceX dragon

shared by Mars Base on 06 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Dragon spacecraft is back on solid ground
  • SpaceX capsule arrived by barge at the Port of Los Angeles on Tuesday.
  • Dragon is now headed to the company's rocket factory in McGregor, Texas, for unloading
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • station astronauts filled the capsule with 1,400 pounds (635 kilograms) of old equipment
Mars Base

China tells embassies to stop issuing pollution data - 0 views

phys.org/...bassies-issuing-pollution.html

scibyte50 ChinaPollution

shared by Mars Base on 06 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • China said foreign embassies were acting illegally in issuing their own air quality readings and that only the government could release data on the nation's heavy pollution.
  • until recently, official air quality measurements regularly rated their air quality as good
  • data from the US embassy in Beijing showed off-the-chart pollution
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • US embassy air quality Twitter feed gained a major following in Beijing, and later in Shanghai when it was introduced at the US consulate there
  • Beijing announced earlier this year it would change the way it measured air quality to include the smaller particles experts say make up much of the pollution in Chinese cities, after a vocal campaign
  • publishing of China's air quality are related to the public interests and as such are powers reserved for the government
  • vice minister of environment protection
  • did not name the US, but called on embassies to abide by China's laws
  • China's air quality is among the worst in the world
  • According to the latest Environmental Performance Index compiled by Yale University, China ranked 128th out of 132 countries for air quality.
  • Most Chinese cities base their air-quality information on particles of 10 micrometres or larger
  • China seeks to control the sources of particulates, such as coal burning and auto emissions
Mars Base

How A Mosquito Survives A Raindrop Hit - Science News - 0 views

www.sciencenews.org/...squito_survives_a_raindrop_hit

scibyte50 mosquito

shared by Mars Base on 06 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • A raindrop hitting a mosquito in flight is like a midair collision between a human and a bus. Except that the mosquito survives
  • the (relatively) huge, fast drop doesn’t transfer much of its momentum to a little wisp of an insect
  • the falling droplet sweeps the insect along on the downward plunge
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Mosquito tricks may also inspire engineers designing swarms of tiny flying robots, or interest physicists and mathematicians studying complex fluid dynamics at this scale
  • mosquitoes hit with water survived using an insect version of tai chi:
  • Mosquitoes hitchhiking on water experience acceleration 100 to 300 times the force of Earth’s gravity
Mars Base

A Peek Inside the Manta Ray Womb - ScienceNOW - 0 views

news.sciencemag.org/...inside-the-manta-ray-womb.html

scibyte50 MantaRay ultrasound

shared by Mars Base on 06 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • In November 2008, a female manta ray got stuck in a fishing net off the coast of Okinawa, Japan
  • fishermen called up the local aquarium, where scientists were studying how the creatures reproduce
  • The ray was pregnant
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • manta rays give birth to live young, but they don't have an umbilical cord or a placenta to deliver oxygen
  • researchers have figured out how manta ray embryos get oxygen without a mammal's life-support equipment
  • uterus is closed off from the outside seawater, so the embryo has to be getting oxygen somehow, but nobody knew how
  • checked to see if she was pregnant using an ultrasound machine that had been modified to keep water away from the electronics
Mars Base

Some Newfound Planets Are Something Else - Science News - 0 views

www.sciencenews.org/...und_planets_are_something_else

scibyte50 Kepler exoplanet

shared by Mars Base on 08 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • When the Kepler spacecraft finds a giant planet closely orbiting a star, there’s a one in three chance that it’s not really a planet at all.
  • according to a new study
  • results, posted June 5 on arXiv.org, suggest that 35 percent of candidate giants snuggled close to bright stars are impostors, known in the planet-hunting business as false-positives
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Out of more than 2,300 possible planets, only 46 fell into that category
  • Eleven of these were already known planets. Santerne’s team confirmed nine more
  • The remaining 26 candidates included 13 unknowns, two failed brown dwarf stars, and 11 members of binary star systems
  • not everything that darkens a star is a planet
  • After distributing the unknowns according to the observed ratios of objects, the team arrived at the 35 percent false-positive rate.
  • scientists don’t consider it a serious flaw for Kepler
  • percentage is very low compared to all other transit programs
  • Short period transiting planets are exotic objects, we don’t expect them to be everywhere
  • The potential billion planets are more expected to be small, long-period planets. We didn’t kill those ones, fortunately
Mars Base

Once Again, Physicists Debunk Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos - ScienceInsider - 0 views

news.sciencemag.org/...e-again-physicists-debunk.html

scibyte50 Neutrinos

shared by Mars Base on 11 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Five different teams of physicists have now independently verified that elusive subatomic particles called neutrinos do not travel faster than light
  • instead of the nail in the coffin of faster-than-light neutrinos, the new suite of results is more like the sod planted atop their grave
  • OPERA team also discovered that a loose fiber optic cable had introduced a delay in their timing system that explained the effect
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • A month later
  • measured the speed of neutrinos fired from CERN and found that they travel at light speed, as predicted
  • Some OPERA team members thought the whole episode had besmirched the collaboration's reputation, and in March, two of the team's elected leaders lost a vote of no confidence and tendered their resignations.
  • Gran Sasso houses four particle detectors
  • All four have now found that the neutrino's speed is consistent with the speed of light
Mars Base

Dinosaurs Skinnier Than Previously Thought : Discovery News - 0 views

news.discovery.com/...dinosaurs-skinny-120605.html

scibyte50 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 11 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • This technique can also allow you to calculate the numbers you need for more sophisticated locomotor reconstructions, such as the running simulations we have produced in the past
  • estimated weight for this dino, along with other species, has been dropping since about the early 1960’s.
  • primary limitation, for now, is that the specimen should consist of a complete skeleton that has been mounted
  • Mars Base on 11 Jun 12
     
    Dinosaurs Skinnier Than Previously Thought
Mars Base

New energy source for future medical implants: sugar - 0 views

phys.org/...e-future-medical-implants.html

scibyte51 medical FuelCell

shared by Mars Base on 13 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • This silicon wafer consists of glucose fuel cells of varying sizes; the largest is 64 by 64 mm
  • MIT engineers have developed a fuel cell that runs on the same sugar that powers human cells: glucose
  • This glucose fuel cell could be used to drive highly efficient brain implants of the future, which could help paralyzed patients move their arms and legs again
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • strips electrons from glucose molecules to create a small electric current
  • The idea of a glucose fuel cell is not new
  • In the 1970s, scientists showed they could power a pacemaker with a glucose fuel cell, but the idea was abandoned in favor of lithium-ion batteries, which could provide significantly more power per unit area than glucose fuel cells
  • glucose fuel cells also utilized enzymes that proved to be impractical for long-term implantation in the body, since they eventually ceased to function efficiently
  • The new twist
  • is that it is fabricated from silicon, using the same technology used to make semiconductor electronic chips
  • has no biological components
  • consists of a platinum catalyst that strips electrons from glucose
  • mimicking the activity of cellular enzymes that break down glucose to generate ATP
  • So far, the fuel cell can generate up to hundreds of microwatts — enough to power an ultra-low-power and clinically useful neural implant.
  • in theory, the glucose fuel cell could get all the sugar it needs from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that bathes the brain and protects it from banging into the skull
  • are very few cells in the CSF
  • There is also significant glucose in the CSF, which does not generally get used by the body
  • only a small fraction of the available power is utilized by the glucose fuel cell, the impact on the brain’s function would likely be small.
  • the work is a good step toward developing implantable medical devices that don’t require external power sources.
  • ultra-low-power electronics, having pioneered such designs for cochlear implants and brain implants
  • combined with such ultra-low-power electronics, can enable brain implants or other implants to be completely self-powered
  • group has worked on all aspects of implantable brain-machine interfaces and neural prosthetics, including recording from nerves, stimulating nerves
  • decoding nerve signals and communicating wirelessly with implants
  • designed to record electrical activity from hundreds of neurons in the brain’s motor cortex, which is responsible for controlling movement
  • data is amplified and converted into a digital signal so that computers
  • can analyze it and determine which patterns of brain activity produce movement
Mars Base

Student's 'emergency stretcher' invention could prove a lifesaver - 0 views

phys.org/...gency-stretcher-lifesaver.html

scibyte51 MedicalDevice StudentDesign

shared by Mars Base on 13 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • The Rapid Evacuation Stretcher (RES) device was created by Craig Ball as a final year project for his BA
  • talked to firefighters at Shropshire Fire and Rescue Service
  • , before designing
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • returned with the prototype stretcher, which is fitted with carry handles, so its officers could suggest further practical improvements
  • idea is that the rolled-up RES could be strapped up alongside the firefighter's breathing apparatus
  • two-person team enter a building
  • the RES could be unrolled and secured around the injured person
  • product as far as I can as a degree project, fashioning it in the same heat resistant materials the fire services use
Mars Base

Pitcher plant uses power of the rain to trap prey (w/ Video) - 0 views

phys.org/...012-06-pitcher-power-prey.html

scibyte51 PitcherPlant

shared by Mars Base on 14 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • During heavy rain, the lid of
  • pitchers acts like a springboard, catapulting insects that seek shelter on its underside directly into the fluid-filled pitcher
  • Pitcher plants (Nepenthes) rely on insects as a source of nutrients, enabling them to colonise nutrient-poor habitats where other plants struggle to grow
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Prey is captured in specialised pitcher-shaped leaves with slippery surfaces on the upper rim and inner wall
  • If an insect tries to walk on the wet surface, its adhesive pads (the 'soles' of its feet) are prevented from making contact with the surface and instead slip
  • similar to the 'aquaplaning' effect of a car tire on a wet road.
  • scientists simulated 'rain' with a hospital drip and recorded its effect on a captive colony of ants that was foraging on the nectar under the lid
  • ants were safe before and directly after the 'rain', but when the drip was switched on about 40% of the ants got trapped.
  • Further research revealed that the lower lid surface of the N. gracilis pitcher is covered with highly specialised wax crystals
  • structure seems to provide just the right level of slipperiness to enable insects to walk on the surface under 'calm' conditions but lose their footing when the lid is disturbed (in most cases, by rain drops).
  • scientists also found that the lid of N. gracilis secretes larger amounts of attractive nectar than that of other pitcher plants, presumably to take advantage of this unique mechanism
Mars Base

Uncanny Valley robots essay resurfaces 42 years later - 0 views

phys.org/...y-robots-essay-resurfaces.html

scibyte51 robot

shared by Mars Base on 14 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • An essay on robots by a professor in Japan over 40 years ago has just got its official translation
  • An English translation was done in 2005 but the translation that has been authorized and and reviewed by Mori was published Tuesday in IEEE Spectrum.
  • accompanied by an interview with Mori, who can look at the validity of his remarks 42 years later, when robotics has gone through so many developments
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • counterpoint to the popularity of Mori’s essay has been the contention that the essay was an essay, after all, of limited scientific value.
  • observation from his original essay is what sparked conversations and interest among robotic designers
  • Mori maintains that humans are drawn to human-like robots with positive feelings of affinity until the robot moves or reveals itself in such a way that triggers the person’s realization that it is not human. Then it becomes “uncanny” or in popular-culture terms, creepy
  • Mori said that pointing out the existence of the uncanny valley was intended as advice for people who design robots rather than a scientific statement itself.
Mars Base

NASA: Donated NRO Space Telescopes 'Came Out of the Blue' | Space.com - 0 views

www.space.com/y-space-telescopes-budget.html

scibyte51 hubble SpaceTelescope

shared by Mars Base on 15 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • A pair of space telescopes that were donated to NASA from the secretive National Reconnaissance Office could be repurposed for a wide variety of science missions
  • it will likely be years before the agency's budget can accommodate them.  
  • two spy satellite telescopes were originally built
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • but they were never used
  • June 4, NASA announced its acquisition of the telescopes, and the agency's intention to use them for future astronomical research
  • The two telescopes have main mirrors that measure nearly 8 feet wide (2.4 meters), making them comparable to the veteran Hubble Space Telescope, which was launched into orbit 22 years ago. Grunsfeld called the donated optical hardware "very high quality."
  • currently being stored in Rochester, N.Y., in facilities belonging to the hardware's manufacturer,
  • cost to keep them in storage is about $70,000 a year
  • not insignificant, but it's not something that's unmanageable
  • One possible application for the telescopes is as a base for NASA's Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), which is being designed to hunt for dark energy
  • Given budget projections for the next several years
  • in an extremely confined fiscal environment
  • NASA does not anticipate being able to dedicate any funding to the newly acquired telescopes until the James Webb Space Telescope successfully launches
  • In the meantime, NASA is investigating different uses for the telescopes, and hopes to have input from the scientific community to guide the decision-making process
  • Mars Base on 15 Jun 12
     
    Grunsfeld co-hosted a town hall-style gathering Tuesday (June 12) to discuss NASA's budget and plans here at the 220th meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
Mars Base

Data From NASA's Voyager 1 Point to Interstellar Future - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - 0 views

www.jpl.nasa.gov/...news.cfm

scibyte51 voyager Voyager1

shared by Mars Base on 15 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Data from NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft indicate that the venerable deep-space explorer has encountered a region in space where the intensity of charged particles from beyond our solar system has markedly increased
  • draw closer to an inevitable but historic conclusion - that humanity's first emissary to interstellar space is on the edge of our solar system
  • someday Voyager will become the first human-made object to enter interstellar space, but we still do not know exactly when that someday will be
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • latest data indicate that we are clearly in a new region where things are changing more quickly
  • data making the 16-hour-38 minute, 11.1-billion-mile (17.8-billion-kilometer), journey from Voyager 1 to antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network on Earth
  • These energetic particles were generated when stars in our cosmic neighborhood went supernova.
  • From January 2009 to January 2012, there had been a gradual increase of about 25 percent in the amount of galactic cosmic rays
  • Beginning on May 7, the cosmic ray hits have increased five percent in a week and nine percent in a month
  • The second important measure
  • is the intensity of energetic particles generated inside the heliosphere, the bubble of charged particles the sun blows around itself
  • there has been a slow decline in the measurements of these energetic particles, they have not dropped off
  • could be expected when Voyager breaks through the solar boundary.
  • The final data set that Voyager scientists believe will reveal a major change is the measurement in the direction of the magnetic field lines surrounding the spacecraft
  • While Voyager is still within the heliosphere, these field lines run east-west. When it passes into interstellar space, the team expects Voyager will find that the magnetic field lines orient in a more north-south direction
  • Such analysis will take weeks
  • Launched in 1977, Voyager 1 and 2 are in good health. Voyager 2 is more than 9.1 billion miles (14.7 billion kilometers) away from the sun
Mars Base

British researchers create robot that can learn simple words by conversing with humans ... - 0 views

phys.org/...t-simple-words-conversing.html

scibyte51 robot

shared by Mars Base on 17 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • In an attempt to replicate the early experiences of infants, researchers in England have created a robot that can learn simple words in minutes just by having a conversation with a human.
  • three-foot-tall robot, named DeeChee, was built to produce any syllable in the English language. But it knew no words at the outset of the study, speaking only babble phrases like "een rain rain mahdl kross."
  • human volunteer attempted to teach the robot simple words for shapes and colors by using them repeatedly in regular speech.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • At first, all DeeChee could comprehend was an unsegmented stream of sounds
  • had been programmed to break up that stream into individual syllables and to store them in its memory
  • words were ranked according to how often they came up in conversation
  • words like "red" and "green" were prized.
  • designed to recognize words of encouragement, like "good" and "well done,"
  • That feedback helped transform the robot's babble into coherent words, sometimes in as little as two minutes.
  • repetition of sounds helps infants learn a language, then it's not surprising that our first words are often mainstays like "mama" and "dada."
  • words that form the connective tissue of our language - words like "at," "with" and "of" - are spoken in hundreds of different ways, making them difficult for newbies to recognize
  • more concrete words like "house" or "blue" tend to be spoken in the same way nearly every time
  • study relied on the human volunteers speaking naturally
  • DeeChee was programmed to smile when it was ready to pay attention to its teacher and to stop smiling and blink when it needed a break
  • designed to have a gender-neutral appearance, humans tended to treat it as a boy
Mars Base

NASA - NASA's Voyager Hits New Region at Solar System Edge - 0 views

www.nasa.gov/...voyager20111205.html

scibyte51 Voyager1 voyager

shared by Mars Base on 17 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • the wind of charged particles streaming out from our sun has calmed, our solar system's magnetic field has piled up, and higher-energy particles from inside our solar system appear to be leaking out into interstellar space.
  • Voyager 1 is about 11 billion miles (18 billion kilometers) from the sun
  • The data do not reveal exactly when Voyager 1 will make it past the edge of the solar atmosphere into interstellar space, but suggest it will be in a few months to a few years.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • During this past year, Voyager's magnetometer also detected a doubling in the intensity of the magnetic field
  • Like cars piling up at a clogged freeway off-ramp, the increased intensity of the magnetic field shows that inward pressure from interstellar space is compacting it.
  • Voyager has detected a 100-fold increase in the intensity of high-energy electrons from elsewhere in the galaxy diffusing into our solar system from outside, which is another indication of the approaching boundary.
Mars Base

Could 'Mirror Neutrons' Account for Unobservable Dark Matter? - 0 views

www.universetoday.com/...t-for-unobservable-dark-matter

scibyte52 DarkMatter neutron

shared by Mars Base on 19 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Could mirror universes or parallel worlds account for dark matter
  • new paper by a team of theoretical physicists hypothesizes the existence of mirror particles as a possible candidate for dark matter
  • Each neutron would have the ability to transition into its invisible mirror twin, and back, oscillating from one world to the other
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • reanalyzed the experimental data
  • which showed that the loss rate of very slow free neutrons appeared to depend on the direction and strength of the magnetic field applied.
  • oscillations between the parallel worlds could occur within a timescale of a few seconds
  • This isn’t the first time the existence of mirror matter has been suggested and has been predicted to be sensitive to the presence of magnetic field such as Earth’s
Mars Base

Photos of rare Amur tiger give hope to NE China's tiger recovery efforts - 0 views

phys.org/...photos-rare-amur-tiger-ne.html

scibyte52 CameraTrap

shared by Mars Base on 19 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Photos of a rare Amur tiger, caught on film for the first time in Wangqing Nature Reserve in northeast China’s Changbai mountains, are giving hope to tiger recovery efforts in the region.
  • captured two photos of the tiger in April
  • provide evidence of the extension of the Amur tiger’s range
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • footprints of the Amur tiger have been discovered many times in Wangqing since 2008, this is the first time that a camera trap set up in the reserve has captured photos of the rare species
  • Experts will try to identify the individual tiger photographed by comparing it with photos of Amur tigers taken previously in Hunchun.
  • Amur tigers were once widespread in northeast China
  • Estimates put the current wild Amur tiger population in Northeast China
  • between 18-24 individuals
  • The adjacent forested habitat of the Russian Far East holds more, between 430-500 tigers.
Mars Base

Water on the Moon in Pictures | Lunar Ice | Space.com - 0 views

www.space.com/on-water-lunar-ice-photos.html

LunarWater

shared by Mars Base on 21 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • In July 2008, water was found conclusively for the first time inside ancient moon samples brought back by Apollo astronauts
  • gathered by the Apollo 15 mission
  • new analytic technique to detect water
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • strongly suggests that water has been a part of the Moon since its early existence – and perhaps since it was first created
  • 2009 discovery of water on the moon
  • images show a very young lunar crater on the side of the moon that faces away from Earth
  • NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper on the Indian Space Research Organization's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
  • distribution of water-rich minerals (light blue) is shown around a small crater
  • 2009, observations from three spacecraft showed signals of water across moon's surface
  • stream of charged hydrogen ions carried from the sun to the moon by the solar wind
  • might explain the possible presence of hydroxyl or water on the moon.
  • NASA's Mini-SAR instrument, which flew aboard India's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, found more than 40 small craters with water ice. The craters range in size from 1 to 9 miles (2 to 15 km) in diameter. Although the total amount of ice depends on its thickness in each crater, it's estimated there could be at least 600 million metric tons of water ice. The red circles denote fresh craters; the green circle mark anomalous craters.
  • NASA's Mini-SAR instrument
  • aboard India's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
  • found more than 40 small craters with water ice
  • total amount of ice depends on its thickness in each crater
  • estimated there could be at least 600 million metric tons of water ice
  • the moon's permanently shadowed regions may hide stores of water
  • photo of the moon's south pole
  • January 2011 study suggested that water on the moon most likely came from comets that pelted the lunar surface after its formation
  • In October 2010, scientists reported that a frigid crater called Cabeus at the moon's south pole is jam-packed with water ice, with some spots wetter than Earth's Sahara desert
  • NASA's LCROSS probe discovered beds of water ice at the lunar south pole when it impacted the moon in October 2009. This visible camera image shows the ejecta plume at about 20 seconds after LCROSS's impact on the moon.
  • Recent studies have found vast amounts of water ice at or near the lunar surface. But the inside of the moon is bone dry, an August 2010 study found.
Mars Base

Early Black Holes were Grazers Rather than Glutonous Eaters - 0 views

www.universetoday.com/...s-rather-than-glutonous-eaters

scibyte52 black holes

shared by Mars Base on 21 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Black holes powering distant quasars in the early Universe grazed on patches of gas or passing galaxies rather than glutting themselves in dramatic collisions according to new observations from NASA’s Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes
  • A black hole doesn’t need much gas to satisfy its hunger and turn into a quasar
  • Quasars are distant and brilliant galactic powerhouses. These far-off objects are powered by black holes that glut themselves on captured material; this in turn heats the matter to millions of degrees making it super luminous
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • team studied 30 quasars with NASA’s orbiting telescopes Hubble and Spitzer
  • These quasars, glowing extremely bright in the infrared images
  • telltale sign that resident black holes are actively scooping up gas and dust into their gravitational whirlpool
  • formed during a time of peak black-hole growth between eight and twelve billion years
  • supports evidence that the creation of the most massive black holes in the early Universe was fueled not by dramatic bursts of major mergers but by smaller, long-term events
  • found 26 of the host galaxies
  • about the size of our own Milky Way Galaxy, showed no signs of collisions
  • Quasars that are products of galaxy collisions are very bright
  • the process powering the quasars and their black holes lies below the detection of Hubble
  • prime targets for the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, a large infrared orbiting observatory scheduled for launch in 2018
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