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Saturn's Icy Moon Dione Has Oxygen Atmosphere | Saturn Pictures | Space.com - 0 views

  • NASA spacecraft circling Saturn has discovered a wispy oxygen atmosphere on the ringed planet's icy moon Dione
  • is 5 trillion times less dense than the air at Earth's surface
  • detected by NASA's Cassini spacecraft
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  • equivalent to conditions 300 miles (480 kilometers) above Earth
  • one oxygen ion for every 2,550 cubic feet (90,000 cubic meters
  • still enough to qualify as an atmosphere
  • announced Friday (March 2).
  • Dione, in addition to Saturn's rings and the moon Rhea, is a source of oxygen molecules
  • shows that molecular oxygen is actually common in the Saturn system and reinforces that it can come from a process that doesn't involve life
  • Dione is one of Saturn's smaller moons
  • 698 miles (1,123 km) wide
  • orbits Saturn once every 2.7 days
  • distance of about 234,000 miles (377,400 km)
  • roughly the same as that between Earth and its moon
  • The oxygen on Dione may potentially be created by solar photons or high-energy particles that bombard the Saturn moon's ice-covered surface, kicking up oxygen ions in the process, Tokar explained.  Another idea suggests that geologic processes on Dione could feed the moon's atmosphere, researchers added.
  • atmosphere on Saturn's moon Rhea — one similar to that of Dione — was also detected in 2010
  • Dione was discovered in 1684 by astronomer Giovanni Cassini
  • named after the Greek goddess Dione, who the ancient Greek poet Homer described as the mother of the goddess Aphrodite
  • launched the Cassini mission in 1997 and it has been orbiting Saturn since its arrival at the ringed planet in 2004
  • joint effort by NASA and the space agencies of Europe and Italy, has been extended several times, most recently until 2017
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All-carbon-nanotube transistor can be crumpled like a piece of paper - 0 views

  • Thanks to the flexible yet robust properties of carbon nanotubes, researchers have previously fabricated transistors that can be rolled, folded, and stretched
  • Japan has made an all-carbon-nanotube transistor that can be crumpled like a piece of paper without degradation of its electrical properties
  • the most bendable reported to date that doesn’t experience a loss in performance
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  • researchers, Shinya Aikawa and coauthors from the University of Tokyo and the Tokyo University of Science
  • could lead to active electronic devices that are applied like a sticker or an adhesive bandage, as well as to wearable electronics.”
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Study: Facebook profile beats IQ test in predicting job performance - 0 views

  • Can a person's Facebook profile reveal what kind of employee he or she might be? The answer is yes, and with unnerving accuracy,
  • Other things a prospective employer might be able to glean from your Facebook profile is openness to new experiences (vacation pictures from a glacier off New Zealand), emotional stability (are your friends constantly offering you words of comfort?) and agreeableness (are you constantly arguing with "friends?").
  • series of two studies
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  • six people with experience in human resources were asked to rate a sample of 500 people in terms of key personality traits using only the sample group's Facebook pages as a guideline.
  • rate members of the sample group on what is known as the "Big Five" personality traits
  • extroversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, agreeableness and openness to new experiences
  • High scores
  • indication of future good job performance.
  • Members of the sample group were asked to give a self-evaluation and took an IQ test.
  • followed up with the employers of people in the sample group six months after their personality traits were rated, to ask questions about job performance.
  • raters were generally in agreement about the personality traits expressed in the sample group's Facebook page
  • ratings correlated strongly with self-rated personality traits
  • also found that the Facebook ratings were a more accurate way of predicting a person's job performance than an IQ test
  • employers need to tread carefully here
  • Facebook page can provide a lot of information that it would be illegal for an employer to ask of a candidate in a phone interview
  • gender, race, age and whether they have a disability
  • a 2011 study
  • found that 90 percent of recruiters and hiring managers look at an applicant's Facebook page whether they should or not.
  • one study should be used as a reason to start using Facebook in hiring.
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Oxygen discovered at Saturn's moon Dione - 0 views

  • Dione, one of Saturn’s icy moons, has a weak exosphere which includes molecules of oxygen, according to new findings from the Cassini-Huygens mission
  • international mission made the discovery using combined data from one of Cassini’s instruments, called CAPS (Cassini Plasma Spectrometer
  • Dione joins Rhea and the main rings in Saturn's system in having an oxygen rich exosphere
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  • It now looks like oxygen production is a universal process wherever an icy moon is bathed in a strong trapped radiation and plasma environment
  • Cassini flew by Dione on 7 April 2010
  • During that flyby
  • molecular oxygen ions near the moon's icy surface
  • used the measurements to estimate the density of the molecular oxygen ions to be in the range of 0.01 to 0.09 ions per cubic centimetre
  • molecular oxygen ions are produced when neutral molecules are ionized; the measurements confirm that a neutral exosphere surrounds Dione.
  • Dione's exosphere is very thin - compared to Earth's atmosphere the density is about a million billionth. The exciting thing is that there is oxygen
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Hot-spring fossils preserve complete Jurassic ecosystem - 0 views

  • Scientists are uncovering a beautifully-preserved ecosystem from around a Jurassic hot spring, helping fill a gap in the fossil record of more than 300 million years.
  • Patagonia in southern Argentina, the San Agustin geothermal deposits include animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, preserved in three dimensions and with their internal structure largely intact.
  • date from around 150 million years ago
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  • formed around an area where water heated deep underground rose to the surface
  • first time a hot-spring habitat from the Mesozoic era (from about 250 to 65 million years ago) has ever been discovered
  • Hot springs
  • are treasure troves for palaeontologists
  • the dissolved silica in their waters quickly penetrates and preserves the bodies of living things that die there
  • preserved in three dimensions rather than crushed into a two-dimensional film
  • It's a near-intact ecosystem that's beautifully preserved
  • We have the remains of everything from the bacteria living right around the hot spring vents all the way to the plants, crustaceans and insects living in wetlands further away and the trees and ferns from the forests around the margins. We also have evidence of how all these organisms interacted
  • The discovery of a rich assemblage of fossils from between these extremes could transform scientists' understanding of a vital stage in life's development
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Tube-shaped solar cells could be weaved into clothing - 0 views

  • semiconducting nanorods grown on the surface of carbon fibers look more like bristles on a tiny hairbrush than a solar cell
  • the flexible tube-shaped cells can capture light from all directions and even have the potential to be weaved into clothing and paper for novel applications
  • current stage of development, researchers are trying to find a simple, low-cost method for fabricating high-quality tube-shaped solar cells.
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  • recently developed a new method for preparing uniform titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods on carbon fibers
  • advantages over the commonly used sol-gel method, which requires high temperatures and can cause cracks in the materials.
  • Fabricating tube-like solar cells is challenging due to the multiple steps involved
  • an ideal solution for preparing TiO2 nanostructures on carbon fibers is to grow them directly on the fiber’s surface
  • results showed that the rectangular bunched nanorod configuration achieved an energy conversion efficiency of 1.28%, compared with 0.76% for the unbunched configuration
  • attribute the difference to the larger surface area of the bunched nanorods, which enables more dye molecules to be adsorbed,
  • large surface area gives the tube-shaped solar cells the ability to capture light from all directions
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Acidic Europa may eat away at chances for life - 0 views

  • Europa's interior. The moon is thought to have a metallic core surrounded by a rocky interior, and then a global ocean on top of that surrounded by a shell of water ice
  • ocean underneath the icy shell of Jupiter's moon Europa could be too acid to support life
  • Europa, which is roughly the size of Earth's moon, could possess an ocean about 100 miles deep
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  • Recent findings even suggest its ocean could be loaded with oxygen, enough to support millions of tons worth of marine life like the kinds that exist on Earth
  • However, chemicals found on the surface of Europa might jeopardize any chances of life evolving there
  • compounds in question are oxidants, which are capable of receiving electrons from other compounds
  • usually rare in the solar system because of the abundance of chemicals known as reductants such as hydrogen and carbon
  • oxidants from Europa's surface might react with sulfides and other compounds in this moon's ocean before life could nab it
  • generating sulfuric and other acids
  • . If this has occurred for just about half of Europa's lifetime, not only would such a process rob the ocean of life-supporting oxidants
  • could become relatively corrosive, with a pH of about 2.6, "about the same as your average soft drink
  • ecosystem would need to evolve quickly to meet this crisis, with oxygen metabolisms and acid tolerance developing in only about 50 million years to handle the acidification
  • analogous to microbes found in acid mine drainage on Earth
  • bright red Río Tinto river in Spain
  • dominant microbes found there are acid-loving "acidophiles" that depend on iron and sulfide as sources of metabolic energy.
  • microbes there have figured out ways of fighting their acidic environment
  • If life did that on Europa, Ganymede, and maybe even Mars, that might have been quite advantageous
  • Others have questioned whether or not rock in Europa's seabed might actually neutralize the effects of this acidity
  • not think this is likely
  • one of the interesting possibilities is that they might have use blue phosphates as their bone material instead to evolve large organisms
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Heart-powered pacemaker could one day eliminate battery-replacement surgery - 0 views

  • A new power scheme for cardiac pacemakers turns to an unlikely source: vibrations from heartbeats themselves.
  • a device that harvests energy from the reverberation of heartbeats through the chest and converts it to electricity to run a pacemaker or an implanted defibrillator.
  • new energy harvester could save patients from repeated surgeries. That's the only way today to replace the batteries, which last five to 10 years.
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  • use ambient vibrations that are typically wasted and convert them to electrical energy
  • researchers haven't built a prototype yet
  • made detailed blueprints and run simulations demonstrating that the concept would work
  • A hundredth-of-an-inch thin slice of a special "piezoelectric" ceramic material would essentially catch heartbeat vibrations and briefly expand in response
  • Piezoelectric materials' claim to fame is that they can convert mechanical stress (which causes them to expand) into an electric voltage.
  • have precisely engineered the ceramic layer to a shape that can harvest vibrations across a broad range of frequencies
  • incorporated magnets, whose additional force field can drastically boost the electric signal that results from the vibrations.
  • new device could generate 10 microwatts of power, which is about eight times the amount a pacemaker needs to operate
  • originally designed the harvester for light unmanned airplanes, where it could generate power from wing vibrations
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Secret Military Mini-Shuttle Marks One Year in Orbit : Discovery News - 0 views

  • The military won't say what it has been doing with its experimental miniature space shuttle, but the pilotless spaceship, known as the X-37B, has been in orbit for a year now. The 29-foot robotic spacecraft, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle, or OTV, was launched on March 5, 2011, on a follow-up flight to extend capabilities demonstrated by a sistership during a 244-day debut mission in 2010.
  • "The X-37B program is setting the standard for a reusable space plane and, on this one-year orbital milestone, has returned great value on the experimental investment,"
  • Amateur satellite watchers last spotted the spaceship on March 4 as it circled between 204 and 212 miles above the planet in an orbit inclined 42.8 degrees relative to the equator.
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  • "Ground tracks that repeat every two to four days are a common feature of U.S. imagery intelligence satellites," Molczan said. "It gives you a fairly frequent revisit of the same targets from the same vantage point."
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Preserved bone of Pterosaur found in stomach of Velociraptor - 0 views

  • Scientists have discovered a bone from a pterosaur (giant flying reptile or 'pterodactyl') in the guts of the skeletal remains of a Velociraptor (small predatory theropod dinosaur) that lived in the Gobi Desert in Mongolia some 75 million years ago.
  • Preserved bone of Pterosaur found in stomach of Velociraptor
  • originally recovered from the Gobi Desert in 1994
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  • difficult and probably even dangerous for the small theropod dinosaur to target a pterosaur with a wingspan of 2 metres or more, unless the pterosaur was already ill or injured
  • surface of the bone is smooth and in good condition, with no unusual traces of marks or deformation that could be attributed to digestive acids
  • Further analysis of the skeletal remains of the Velociraptor showed that it was carrying, or recovering from, an injury to its ribs when it died
  • So the pterosaur bone we've identified in the gut of the Velociraptor was most likely scavenged from a carcass
  • likely that the Velociraptor itself died not long after ingesting the bone
  • first time that bones from a pterosaur have been uncovered as gut contents from dinosaur remains
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The iceberg's accomplice: Did the moon sink the Titanic? - 0 views

  • The iceberg’s accomplice: Did the moon sink the Titanic?
  • once-in-many-lifetimes event occurred on that Jan. 4
  • moon and sun had lined up in such a way their gravitational pulls enhanced each other
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  • suggested that an unusually close approach by the moon on Jan. 4, 1912, may have caused abnormally high tides
  • Where did the killer iceberg come from
  • ultimate cause of the accident was that the ship struck an iceberg
  • well-known as a “spring tide
  • moon’s perigee—closest approach to Earth—proved to be its closest in 1,400 years, and came within six minutes of a full moon
  • Earth’s perihelion—closest approach to the sun—happened the day before
  • the odds of all these variables lining up in just the way they did were, well, astronomical.
  • this configuration maximized the moon’s tide-raising forces on Earth’s oceans
  • researchers looked to see if the enhanced tides caused increased glacial calving
  • to reach the shipping lanes by April
  • any icebergs breaking off the Greenland glaciers in Jan. 1912 would have to move unusually fast and against prevailing currents
  • the answer lies in grounded and stranded icebergs
  • icebergs travel southward, many become stuck in the shallow waters off the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland
  • Normally, icebergs remain in place and cannot resume moving southward until they’ve melted enough to refloat or a high enough tide frees them
  • single iceberg can become stuck multiple times on its journey southward, a process that can take several years
  • unusually high tide in Jan. 1912 would have been enough to dislodge many of those icebergs and move them back into the southbound ocean currents
  • they would have just enough time to reach the shipping lanes for that fateful encounter with the Titanic.
  • But an extremely high spring tide could refloat them
  • ebb tide would carry them back out
  • where the icebergs would resume drifting southward
  • could explain the abundant icebergs in the spring of 1912
  •  
    d Russell Doescher, along with Roger Sinnott, senior contributing editor at Sky & Telescope magazine, publish their findings in the April 2012 edition of Sky & Telescope, on newsstands now. "Of course, the ultimate cause of the accident was that the ship struck an iceberg. The Titanic failed to slow down, even after having received several wireless messages warning of ice ahead," Olson said. "They went full speed into a region with icebergs-that's really what sank the
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Sun Releases a Powerful X5 Flare - 0 views

  • AR1429 released an X-class flare on March 7 at 00:28 UT. (NASA/SDO)
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Sun Fires Off 2 Huge Solar Flares in One-Two Punch | Space Weather | Space.com - 0 views

  • Tuesday
  • One of the flares is the most powerful solar eruption of the year, so far.
  • Both of the huge flares ranked as X-class storms, the strongest type of solar flares the sun can have
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  • followed several weaker, but still powerful, sun storms on Tuesday
  • came just days after another major solar flare on Sunday night
  • When aimed directly at Earth, X-class solar flares can endanger astronauts and satellites in orbit, interfere with satellite communications and damage power grids on Earth
  • also amplify the Earth's display of northern and southern lights, also known as auroras
  • five categories: A, B, C, M and X. The A-class flares are the weakest sun storms, while the X-class events are the most powerful solar flares
  • subsets, from 1 to 9, to pinpoint a solar flare's strength. Only X-class solar flares have subcategories that go higher than 9.
  • most powerful solar flare on record occurred in 2003 and was estimated to be an X28 on the solar flare scale
  • The sun is currently going through an active phase of its 11-year weather cycle
  • expected to reach its peak level of activity in 2013
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Tevatron experiments report latest results in search for Higgs boson - 0 views

  • New measurements
  • indicate that the elusive Higgs boson may nearly be cornered.
  • two independent experiments see hints of a Higgs boson.
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  • collaborations found excesses in their data that might be interpreted as coming from a Higgs boson with a mass in the region of 115 to 135 GeV.
  • claim evidence of a new particle only if the probability that the data could be due to a statistical fluctuation is less than 1 in 740
  • claimed only if that probability is less than 1 in 3.5 million, or five sigmas.
  • stringent constraints established by earlier direct and indirect measurements made by CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, the Tevatron, and other accelerators,
  • place the mass of the Higgs boson within the range of 115 to 127 GeV
  • consistent with the December 2011 announcement of excesses seen in that range by LHC experiments, which searched for the Higgs in different decay patterns
  • None of the
  • experiments
  • are strong enough to claim evidence for the Higgs boson
  • This is an important milestone for the Tevatron experiments, and demonstrates the continuing importance of independent measurements
  • the latest result in a decade-long search by teams of physicists at the Tevatron
  • two collaborations independently combed through hundreds of trillions of proton-antiproton collisions recorded by their experiments to arrive at this exciting result
  • Higgs bosons, if they exist, are short-lived and can decay in many different ways.
  • Higgs can decay into different combinations of particles
  • still much work ahead before the scientific community can say for sure whether the Higgs boson exists
  • According to the Standard Model, the theory that explains and predicts how nature’s building blocks behave and interact with each other, the Higgs boson gives mass to other particles
  • Physicists have known for a long time that the Higgs or something like it must exist
  • Higgs boson is created in a high-energy particle collision, it immediately decays into lighter more stable particles
  • physicists retraced the path of these secondary particles and ruled out processes that mimic its signal.
  • Tevatron was a proton/anti-proton collider, with a maximum center of mass energy of 2 TeV,
  • LHC is a proton/proton collider that will ultimately reach 14 TeV
  • two accelerators collide different pairs of particles at different energies and produce different types of backgrounds
  • search strategies are different
  • search for the Higgs boson by the Tevatron and LHC experiments is like two people taking a picture of a park from different vantage points
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A Close-up Look at the Massive Solar Storm that Shook the Sun - 0 views

  • large X5.4 solar flare that erupted on the Sun on March 7, 2012 at 00:28 UT, (7:28 PM EST on March 6).
  • high-definition views from the Solar Dynamics Observatory also show the subsequent solar tsunami that rippled across the Sun, appearing as though the Sun ‘shook’ from the force of the flare.
  • NASA Goddard’s Space Weather Lab and NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center say surely there will be aurorae from this blast
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  • After the first big blast, about an hour later, at 01:14 UT (8:14 PM EST, March 6) the same region let loose an X1.3 class flare. An X1 is 5 times smaller than an X5 flare
  • the region had already produced numerous M-class and one X-class flare,
  • region continues to rotate across the front of the sun, so these latest flares were more Earth-facing than the previous ones
  • big blast did trigger a temporary radio blackout on the sunlit side of Earth that interfered with radio navigation and short wave radio.
  • that solar tsunami
  • waves move at over a million miles per hour
  • one side of the Sun to the other in about an hour
  • movie shows two distinct waves. The first seems to spread in all directions; the second is narrower, moving toward the southeast
  • waves are associated with, and perhaps trigger, fast coronal mass ejections, so it is likely that each one is connected to one of the two CMEs that were associated with the flares
  • Close-up Look at the Massive Solar Storm
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Best Views Yet of Historic Apollo Landing Sites - 0 views

  • LROC image of the Apollo 11 landing site, acquired Nov. 5, 2011
  • Nov. 5, 2011 from an altitude of only 15 miles (24 km). This is the highest-resolution view yet of the Apollo 11 landing site
  • Lunar Module’s descent stage, a seismic experiment monitor, a laser ranging reflector (LRRR, still used today to measure distances between Earth and the Moon) and its cover, and a camera can be discerned in the overhead image
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  • as well as the darker trails of the astronauts’ bootprints, including Armstrong’s jaunt eastward to the rim of Little West crater
  • the total area Neil and Buzz explored it would easily fit within the infield of a baseball diamond!
  • Armstrong’s visit to the crater’s edge was an unplanned excursion. He used the vantage point to capture a panoramic image of the historic site:
  • Previously the LROC captured the Apollo 15 landing site, which included the tracks of the lunar rover — as well as the rover itself
  • Arizona State University featured the latest similarly high-resolution view of the Apollo 12 site
  • This location has the honor of being two landing sites in one: Apollo 12 and the Surveyor 3 spacecraft, which had landed on April 20, 1967 – two and a half years earlier!
  • the US flag planted by Apollo 12 astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean isn’t itself visible, the shadow cast by it is.
  • Apollo 12 was the only mission to successfully visit the site of a previous spacecraft’s landing, and it also saw the placement of the first Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), which included a seismometer and various instruments to measure the lunar environment
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Huge Dust Devil on Mars Captured in Action - 0 views

  • A towering dust devil, casts a serpentine shadow over the Martian surface in this image acquired by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
  • Mars orbiters, rovers and landers have all captured devils in action before
  • whirlwind on Mars lofting a twisting column of dust more than 800 meters (about a half a mile) high, with the dust plume about 30 meters or yards in diameter.
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  • on Feb. 16, 2012
  • Amazonis Planitia region of northern Mars
  • Evidence of many previous whirlwinds, or dust devils, are visible as streaks on the dusty surface shown in the image
  • like on Earth, winds on Mars are powered by solar heating
  • Mars is now farthest from the Sun,
  • though the exposure to the Sun’s rays is now less, even so, the dust devils are moving dust around on Mars’ surface
  • Dust devils occur on Earth as well as on Mars
  • spinning columns of air, made visible by the dust they pull off the ground
  • Unlike a tornado, a dust devil typically forms on a clear day
  • ground is heated by the sun, warming the air just above the ground
  • eated air near the surface rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler air above i
  • the air may begin to rotate, if conditions are just right.
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Huge Solar Flare's Magnetic Storm May Disrupt Satellites, Power Grids | Space Weather |... - 0 views

  • may potentially interfere with satellites in orbit and power grids when it reaches Earth.
  • Early predictions estimate that the CME will reach Earth
  • Typically, CMEs contain 10 billion tons of solar plasma and material
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  • March 8) at 7 a.m. EST (1200 GMT), with the effects likely lasting for 24 hours
  • estimates that brightened auroras could potentially be seen as far south as the southern Great Lakes region, provided the skies are clear.
  • The massive sunspot region AR1429 has been particularly active since it emerged on March 2, 2012.CREDIT: NASA/SDO
    • Mars Base
       
      Image with comparisons of size to earth and jupiter
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Biggest Solar Storm in Years Bombarding Earth Now | Solar Flares & Space Weather | Spac... - 0 views

  • the CME did not hit Earth head-on, the material delivered a glancing blow to the planet, and energetic particles will continue to interact with Earth's magnetic field over the course of the day.
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20120307_014400_anim.tim-den.gif (GIF Image, 960 × 600 pixels) - 0 views

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    Prediction gif
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