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2013 in science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • Morocco in 2011, and report that it is a new type of Mars rock with an unusually high water content.[8][9][10] American researchers state that a gene associated with active personality traits is also linked to
  • Astronomers affiliated with the Kepler space observatory announce the discovery of KOI-172.02, an Earth-like exoplanet candidate which orbits a star similar to the Sun in the habitable zone
  • 13 January – Massachusetts doctors invent a pill-sized medical scanner that can be safely swallowed by patients, allowing the esophagus to be more easily scanned for disease
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  • 17 January – NASA announces that the Kepler space observatory has developed a reaction wheel issue
  • 2 January A study by Caltech astronomers reports that the Milky Way Galaxy contains at least one planet per sta
  • 3 January
  • 8 January
  • 20 January – Scientists prove that quadruple-helix DNA is present in human cells
  • 25 January
  • An international team of scientists develops a functional light-based "tractor beam", which allows individual cells to be selected and moved at will. The invention could have broad applications in medicine and microbiology
  • 30 January – South Korea conducts its first successful orbital launch
  • 6 February
  • Astronomers report that 6% of all dwarf stars – the most common stars in the known universe – may host Earthlike planets
  • Scientists discover live bacteria in the subglacial Antarctic Lake Whillans
  • American scientists finish drilling down to the subglacial Lake Whillans, which is buried around 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) under the Antarctic ice
  • 10 February NASA's Curiosity Mars rover uses its onboard drill to obtain the first deep rock sample ever retrieved from the surface of another plane
  • 15 February A 10-ton meteoroid impacts in Chelyabinsk, Russia, producing a powerful shockwave and injuring over 1,000 people
  • 28 February
  • Astronomers make the first direct observation of a protoplanet forming in a disk of gas and dust around a distant sta
  • A third radiation belt is discovered around the Eart
  • 1 March – Boston Dynamics demonstrates an updated version of its BigDog military robot
  • 3 March – American scientists report that they have cured HIV in an infant by giving the child a course of antiretroviral drugs very early in its life. The previously HIV-positive child has reportedly exhibited no HIV symptoms since its treatment, despite having no further medication for a year
  • researchers replace 75 percent of an injured patient's skull with a precision 3D-printed polymer replacement implant. In future, damaged bones may routinely be replaced with custom-manufactured implants
  • 7 March
  • A study concludes that heart disease was common among ancient mummies
  • 11 March
  • 12 March NASA's Curiosity rover finds evidence that conditions on Mars were once suitable for microbial life after analyzing the first drilled sample of Martian rock, "John Klein" rock at Yellowknife Bay in Gale Crater. The rover detected water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chloromethane and dichloromethane. Related tests found results consistent with the presence of smectite clay minerals
  • 14 March CERN scientists confirm, with a very high degree of certainty, that a new particle identified by the Large Hadron Collider in July 2012 is the long-sought Higgs boson
  • 18 March
  • NASA reports evidence from the Curiosity rover on Mars of mineral hydration, likely hydrated calcium sulfate, in several rock samples, including the broken fragments of "Tintina" rock and "Sutton Inlier" rock as well as in the veins and nodules in other rocks like "Knorr" rock and "Wernicke" rock.[177] Analysis using the rover's DAN instrument provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of 60 cm
  • 27 March – A potential new weight loss method is discovered, after a 20% weight reduction was achieved in mice simply by having their gut microbes altered.
  • NASA scientists report that hints of dark matter may have been detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
  • 3 April
  • 15 April A functional lab-grown kidney is successfully transplanted into a live rat in Massachusetts General Hospital
  • 18 April – NASA announces the discovery of three new Earthlike exoplanets – Kepler-62e, Kepler-62f, and Kepler-69c – in the habitable zones of their respective host stars, Kepler-62 and Kepler-69. The new exoplanets, which are considered prime candidates for possessing liquid water and thus potentially life, were identified using the Kepler spacecraft
  • 21 April The Antares rocket, a commercial launch vehicle developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation, successfully conducts its maiden flight
  • After years of unpowered glide tests, Scaled Composites' SpaceShipTwo hybrid spaceplane successfully conducts its first rocket-powered fligh
  • 29 April
  • 1 May IBM scientists release A Boy and His Atom, the smallest stop-motion animation ever created, made by manipulating individual carbon monoxide molecules with a scanning tunnelling microscope
  • A new study finds that children whose parents suck on their pacifiers have fewer allergies later in life
  • NASA reports that a reaction wheel on the Kepler space observatory may be malfunctioning and may result in the premature termination of the observatory's search for Earth-like
  • 15 May
  • 16 May Water dating back 2.6 billion years, by far the oldest ever found, is discovered in a Canadian mine
  • 27 May Four-hundred-year-old bryophyte specimens left behind by retreating glaciers in Canada are brought back to life in the laboratory
  • 29 May
  • Russian scientists announce the discovery of mammoth blood and well-preserved muscle tissue from an adult female specimen in Siberia
  • A new treatment to "reset" the immune system of multiple sclerosis patients is reported to reduce their reactivity to myelin by 50 to 75 percent
  • 4 June
  • During the Shenzhou 10 mission, Chinese astronauts deliver the country's first public video broadcast from the orbiting Tiangong-1 space laboratory
  • 20 June
  • China's Shenzhou 10 manned spacecraft returns safely to Earth, having conducted China's longest manned space mission to date
  • 26 June
  • 20 June
  • 20 June
  • 6 July
  • Scientists report that a wide variety of microbial life exists in the subglacial Antarctic Lake Vostok, which has been buried in ice for around 15 million years. Samples of the lake's water obtained by drilling were found to contain traces of DNA from over 3,000 tiny organisms
  • 15 July
  • ASA engineers successfully test a rocket engine with a fully 3D-printed injector
  • 19 July
  • NASA scientists publish the results of a new analysis of the atmosphere of Mars, reporting a lack of methane around the landing site of the Curiosity rover
  • Earth is photographed from the outer solar system. NASA's Cassini spacecraft releases images of the Earth and Moon taken from the orbit of Saturn
  • 29 July – Astronomers discover the first exoplanet orbiting a brown dwarf, 6,000 light years from Earth
  • exoplanet
  • 7 January
  • Astronomers
  • report that "at least 17 billion" Earth-sized exoplanets are estimated to reside in the Milky Way Galaxy
  • 20 February
  • NASA reports the discovery of Kepler-37b, the smallest exoplanet yet known, around the size of Earth's Moon
  • 10 June
  • Scientists report that the earlier claims of an Earth-like exoplanet orbiting Alpha Centauri B, a star close to our Solar System, may not be supported by astronomical evidence
  • 25 June – In an unprecedented discovery, astronomers detect three potentially Earthlike exoplanets orbiting a single star in the Gliese 667
  • 11 July For the first time, astronomers determine the true colour of a distant exoplanet. HD 189733 b, a searing-hot gas giant, is said to be a vivid blue colour, most likely due to clouds of silica in its atmosphere
  • NASA announces that the failing Kepler space observatory may never fully recover. New missions are being considered
  • 15 August
  • Phase I clinical trials of SAV001 – the first and only preventative HIV vaccine – have been successfully completed with no adverse effects in all patients. Antibody production was greatly boosted after vaccination
  • 3 September
  • 12 September NASA announces that Voyager I has officially left the Solar System, having travelled since 1977
  • NASA scientists report the Mars Curiosity rover detected "abundant, easily accessible" water (1.5 to 3 weight percent) in soil samples
  • 26 September
  • In addition, the rover found two principal soil types: a fine-grained mafic type and a locally derived, coarse-grained felsic type
  • mafic
  • as associated with hydration of the amorphous phases of the soi
  • perchlorates, the presence of which may make detection of life-related organic molecules difficult, were found at the Curiosity rover landing site
  • earlier at the more polar site of the Phoenix lander) suggesting a "global distribution of these salts
  • Astronomers have created the first cloud map of an exoplanet, Kepler-7b
  • 30 September
  • 8 October The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to François Englert and Peter Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"
  • 16 October Russian authorities raise a large fragment, 654 kg (1,440 lb) total weight, of the Chelyabinsk meteor, a Near-Earth asteroid that entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia on 15 February 2013, from the bottom of Chebarkul lake.
  • Researchers have shown that a fundamental reason for sleep is to clean the brain of toxins. This is achieved by brain cells shrinking to create gaps between neurons, allowing fluid to wash through
  • 17 October
  • 22 October – Astronomers have discovered the 1,000th known exoplanet
  • 4 November - Astronomers report, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of sun-like stars and red dwarf stars within the Milky Way Galaxy
  • 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting sun-like stars
  • 5 November – India launches its first Mars probe, Mangalyaan
  • The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has made the first discovery of very high energy neutrinos on Earth which had originated from beyond our Solar System
  • 21 November
  • 1 December – China launches the Chang'e 3 lunar rover mission, with a planned landing on December 16
  • 3 December – The Hubble Space Telescope has found evidence of water in the atmospheres of five distant exoplanets: HD 209458b, XO-1b, WASP-12b, WASP-17b and WASP-19b
  • 9 December NASA scientists report that the planet Mars had a large freshwater lake (which could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life) based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus near Mount Sharp in Gale Crater
  • 12 December NASA announces, based on studies with the Hubble Space Telescope, that water vapor plumes were detected on Europa, moon of Jupiter
  • 14 December – The unmanned Chinese lunar rover Chang'e 3 lands on the Moon, making China the third country to achieve a soft landing there
  • 18 December
  • nomers have spotted what appears to be the first known "exomoon", located 1,800 light years away
  • 20 December – NASA reports that the Curiosity rover has successfully upgraded, for the third time since landing, its software programs and is now operating with version 11. The new software is expected to provide the rover with better robotic arm and autonomous driving abilities. Due to wheel wear, a need to drive more carefully, over the rough terrain the rover is currently traveling on its way to Mount Sharp, was also reported
Mars Base

April 25 - Today in Science History - Scientists born on April 25th, died, and events - 0 views

  • Hubble Space Telescope
  • In 1990, the $2.5 billion Hubble Space Telescope was deployed in space from the Space Shuttle Discovery into an orbit 381 miles above Earth. It was the first major orbiting observatory, named in honour of American astronomer, Edwin Powell Hubble. It was seven years behind schedule and nearly $2 billion over budget. In orbit, the 94.5-in primary mirror was found to be flawed, giving blurred images and reduced ability to see distant stars. However, correcting optics were successfully installed in 25 Dec 1993. The telescope 43-ft x 14-ft telescope now provides images with a clarity otherwise impossible due to the effect of the earth's atmosphere. Instrument packages capture across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Mars Base

Saturn-Like Alien Planet Found by Little Telescope | KELT-6b | Space.com - 0 views

  • Tiny telescopes in Arizona and South Africa have spotted a Saturn-like planet in orbit around a star about 700 light-years from Earth.
  • the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT) and other ground-based tools spied the alien planet as it passed in front of its star
  • KELT-6b, can be seen from the surface of Earth for five hours as it transits
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  • year lasts only about 7.8 days
  • KELT-6b has no rings, its mass and size resemble the planet Saturn
Mars Base

Should This Alien World Even Exist? This Young Disk Could Challenge Planet-Formation Th... - 0 views

  • gap in the cloud? That could be a planet being born some 176 light-years away from Earth
  • small planet, only 6 to 28 times Earth’s mass.
  • This alien world, if we can confirm it, shouldn’t be there according to conventional planet-forming theory
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  • The gap in the image above — taken by the Hubble Space Telescope — probably arose when a planet under construction swept through the dust and debris in its orbit
  • That’s not much of a surprise (at first blush) given what we think we know about planet formation
  • You start with a cloud of debris and gas swirling around a star, then gradually the bits and pieces start colliding, sticking together and growing bigger into small rocks, bigger ones and eventually, planets or gas giant planet cores
  • this planet is a heck of a long way from its star, TW Hydrae, about twice Pluto’s distance from the sun
  • Given that alien systems’ age, that world shouldn’t have formed so quickly.
  • Astronomers believe that Jupiter took about 10 million years to form at its distance away from the sun
  • This planet near TW Hydrae should take 200 times longer to form because the alien world is moving slower, and has less debris to pick up
  • because TW Hydrae‘s system is believed to be only 8 million years old.
  • TW Hydrae is only 55 percent as massive as our sun
  • astronomers are seriously investigating other theories
  • One alternative brought up in the press release: perhaps part of the disc collapsed due to gravitational instability
  • If that is the case, a planet could come to be in only a few thousand years, instead of several million
  • add to planet formation theories as to how you can actually form a planet very far out
  • If we can actually confirm that there’s a planet there, we can connect its characteristics to measurements of the gap properties
  • direct collapse” theory, though: astronomers believe it takes a bunch of matter that is one to two times more massive than Jupiter before a collapse can occur to form a planet
  • this world is no more than 28 times the mass of Earth, as best as we can figure
  • Jupiter itself is 318 times more massive than Earth
  • There are also intriguing results about the gap
  • dust grains in this system, orbiting nearby the gap, are still smaller than the size of a grain of sand
  • Astronomers plan to use ALMA and the James Webb Space Telescope, which should launch in 2018, to get a better look
Mars Base

Bright Comet May Be Visible to Naked Eye in March | Space.com - 0 views

  • A comet that shines as brightly as the stars of the Big Dipper could be heading our way in March
  • the Comet Pan-STARRS is expected to whiz by about 100 million miles from Earth, skimming the orbit of Mercury, early next month.
  • could fail to put on a dazzling show if it falls apart under the intense heat and gravitational pull of its plunge toward the sun
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  • if it survives, Comet Pan-STARRS might send an amazing stream of gas and dust into the night sky
  • Pan-STARRS should be very active, producing a lot of dust and therefore a nice dust tail
  • it could still be difficult to see
  • From our point of view on Earth, the comet will be very close to the sun
  • it is only observable in twilight when the sky is not fully dark
  • comes from the Oort Cloud,
  • discovered in June 2011 by the Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System, or Pan-STARRS telescope, in Hawaii
  • nearest approach to Earth on March 5, when it will come be about 100 million miles (160 million kilometers) away
  • the best time to look for it might be at sunset March 12 and 13, when the comet will appear not far from the crescent moon
  • The comet's tail will probably require binoculars or a small telescope
Mars Base

NASA - Hubble to Use Moon as Mirror to See Venus Transit - 0 views

  • image was taken in preparation to observe the transit of Venus across the sun's face on June 5-6.
  • Hubble Space Telescope
  • Hubble cannot look at the sun directly, so astronomers are planning to point the telescope at the Earth's moon, using it as a mirror to capture reflected sunlight and isolate the small fraction of the light that passes through Venus's atmosphere. Imprinted on that small amount of light are the fingerprints of the planet’s atmospheric makeup.
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  • mimic a technique that is already being used to sample the atmospheres of giant planets outside our solar system passing in front of their stars
  • astronomers already know the chemical makeup of Venus's atmosphere
  • test whether this technique will have a chance of detecting the very faint fingerprints of an Earth-like planet, even one that might be habitable for life, outside our solar system that similarly transits its own star. , Venus is an excellent proxy because it is similar in size and mass to our planet.
  • use an arsenal of Hubble instruments, the Advanced Camera for Surveys, Wide Field Camera 3, and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, to view the transit in a range of wavelengths, from ultraviolet to near-infrared light. During the transit, Hubble will snap images and perform spectroscopy, dividing the sunlight into its constituent colors, which could yield information about the makeup of Venus's atmosphere.
  • observe the moon for seven hours, before, during, and after the transit
  • compare the data
  • need the long observation because they are looking for extremely faint spectral signatures
  • Only 1/100,000th of the sunlight will filter through Venus's atmosphere and be reflected off the moon.
  • astronomers only have one shot at observing the transit, they had to carefully plan how the study would be carried out
  • Hubble will need to be locked onto the same location on the moon for more than seven hours
  • roughly 40 minutes of each 96-minute orbit of Hubble around the Earth
Mars Base

Black Hole 'Bonanza': Millions Found by NASA Space Telescope | WISE | Space.com - 0 views

  • A jackpot of previously unknown black holes across the universe has been discovered by the infrared eyes of a prolific NASA sky-mapping telescope
  • astronomers are still poring through this celestrial trove for discoveries.
  • These black holes aren't the average tiny, dense objects created by the collapse of dead stars, but rather humongous "supermassive" black holes that have been caught feasting on matter falling into them
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  • We expected that there should be this large population of hidden quasars in the universe, but WISE can now identify them across the sky
Mars Base

Spitzer Finds Possible Exoplanet Smaller than Earth - NASA Spitzer Space Telescope - 0 views

  • Astronomers using NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope have detected what they believe is a planet two-thirds the size of Earth. The exoplanet candidate, called UCF-1.01, is located a mere 33 light-years away, making it possibly the nearest world to our solar system that is smaller than our home planet. 
  • strong evidence for a very small, very hot and very near planet
  • new-planet candidate was found unexpectedly
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  • studying the Neptune-sized exoplanet GJ 436b, already known to exist around the red-dwarf star GJ 436
  • In the Spitzer data, the astronomers noticed slight dips in the amount of infrared light streaming from the star, separate from the dips caused by GJ 436b
  • review of Spitzer archival data showed the dips were periodic, suggesting a second planet might be orbiting the star and blocking out a small fraction of the star's light. 
  • diameter would be approximately 5,200 miles (8,400 kilometers), or two-thirds that of Earth
  • revolve
  • about seven times the distance of Earth from the moon, with its "year" lasting only 1.4 Earth days
  • the exoplanet's surface temperature would be more than 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit (almost 600 degrees Celsius
  • might therefore resemble a cratered, mostly geologically dead world like Mercury
  • another possibility; that the extreme heat of orbiting so close to GJ 436 has melted the exoplanet's surface
  • colleagues noticed hints of a third planet
  • Spitzer has observed evidence of the two new planets several times each
  • even the most sensitive instruments are unable to measure exoplanet masses as small
  • mass is required for confirming a discovery
  • cautiously calling both bodies exoplanet candidates for now.
  • 1,800 stars identified by NASA' Kepler space telescope as candidates for having planetary systems, just three are verified to contain sub-Earth-sized exoplanets
  • only one exoplanet is thought to be smaller than the Spitzer candidates
Mars Base

Crowdsourcing the Hunt for Potentially Dangerous Asteroids - 0 views

  • new partnership between the European Space Agency and the Faulkes Telescope Project, which will encourage amateur astronomers to look for asteroids
  • providing educational opportunities that will allow students to discover potentially dangerous space rocks, too.
  • ESA’s Space Situational Awareness (SSA) program is part of an international effort to be on the lookout for space hazards – not only asteroids but disruptive space weather and space debris objects in Earth orbit
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  • asteroids pose a problem
  • hard to see because they can be very dark
  • can approach rather too close before anyone sees them
  • often spotted only once and then disappear before the discovery can be confirmed.
  • ESA is turning to schools and amateur astronomers to help as part of Europe’s contribution to the global asteroid hunt
  • UK’s Faulkes Telescope Project will become the latest team to formally support the SSA program
  • Spain’s La Sagra Sky Survey, operated by the Observatorio Astronomico de Mallorca, began helping SSA earlier this year
  • The Faulkes project has two telescopes where you can sign up for observing online: Haleakala, Hawaii
  • and Siding Spring, Australia
  • For European students, collaborating on exciting ESA activities and possibly detecting new NEOs is very appealing, as its engagement with one of the world’s great space agencies doing critical scientific work.”
  • While the Faulkes project focuses on schools
  • amateurs will be able to freely access the data archives
  • archives are also open to all, and they work
  • Since starting their SSA-sponsored survey work in January 2010, the TOTAS amateur astronomers have identified hundreds of asteroid candidates, over 20 of which have been confirmed and named.
Mars Base

Early Black Holes were Grazers Rather than Glutonous Eaters - 0 views

  • Black holes powering distant quasars in the early Universe grazed on patches of gas or passing galaxies rather than glutting themselves in dramatic collisions according to new observations from NASA’s Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes
  • A black hole doesn’t need much gas to satisfy its hunger and turn into a quasar
  • Quasars are distant and brilliant galactic powerhouses. These far-off objects are powered by black holes that glut themselves on captured material; this in turn heats the matter to millions of degrees making it super luminous
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  • team studied 30 quasars with NASA’s orbiting telescopes Hubble and Spitzer
  • These quasars, glowing extremely bright in the infrared images
  • telltale sign that resident black holes are actively scooping up gas and dust into their gravitational whirlpool
  • formed during a time of peak black-hole growth between eight and twelve billion years
  • supports evidence that the creation of the most massive black holes in the early Universe was fueled not by dramatic bursts of major mergers but by smaller, long-term events
  • found 26 of the host galaxies
  • about the size of our own Milky Way Galaxy, showed no signs of collisions
  • Quasars that are products of galaxy collisions are very bright
  • the process powering the quasars and their black holes lies below the detection of Hubble
  • prime targets for the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, a large infrared orbiting observatory scheduled for launch in 2018
Mars Base

Astrophysicists spy ultra-distant galaxy amidst cosmic 'dark ages' - 0 views

  • combined power of NASA's Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes as well as a cosmic magnification effect, a team
  • has spotted what could be the most distant galaxy ever detected.
  • Light from the young galaxy captured by the orbiting observatories shone forth when the 13.7-billion-year-old universe was just 500 million years old
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  • This galaxy is the most distant object we have ever observed with high confidence
  • Future work involving this galaxy—as well as others like it that we hope to find—will allow us to study the universe's earliest objects and how the Dark Ages ended
  • traveled approximately 13.2 billion light-years
  • the universe was just 3.6 percent
  • Objects at these extreme distances are mostly beyond the detection sensitivity of today's largest telescopes
  • astronomers rely on "gravitational lensing
  • predicted by Albert Einstein a century ago
  • gravity of foreground objects warps and magnifies the light from background objects
  • brightening the remote object some 15 times and bringing it into view.
  • small and compact, containing only about 1 percent of the Milky Way's mass
  • leading cosmological theories, the first galaxies should indeed have started out tiny
  • then progressively merged
  • omers plan to study the rise of the first stars and galaxies and the epoch of reionization with the successor to both Spitzer and Hubble—NASA's James Webb Telescope, slated for launch in 2018
  • newly described distant galaxy will likely be a prime target.
  • first galaxies likely played the dominant role in the epoch of reionization
  • event that signaled the demise of the universe's Dark Ages
  • About 400,000 years after the Big Bang, neutral hydrogen gas formed from cooling particles
  • these earliest galaxies is thought to have caused the neutral hydrogen strewn throughout the universe to ionize, or lose an electron
  • during the epoch of reionization, the lights came on in the universe
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Super-sensitive Camera Captures a Direct Image of an Exoplanet - 0 views

  • The world’s newest and most powerful exoplanet imaging instrument
  • has captured its first-light infrared image of an exoplanet
  • which orbits
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  • the second-brightest star in the southern constellation Pictor
  • a distant planet 63 light-years away and several times more massive — as well as 60% larger — than Jupiter
  • many exoplanets have been discovered and confirmed over the past couple of decades using various techniques, very few have actually been directly imaged
  • Most planets that we know about to date are only known because of indirect methods that tell us a planet is there
  • With GPI we directly image planets around stars
  • doesn’t just image distant Jupiter-sized exoplanets; it images them quickly
  • early first-light images are almost a factor of ten better than the previous generation of instruments
  • In one minute, we were seeing planets that used to take us an hour to detect
  • Beta Pictoris b is a very young planet — estimated to be less than 10 million years old (the star itself is only about 12 million
  • presence is a testament to the ability of large planets to form rapidly and soon around newly-formed stars
  • saw this on only the first week after the instrument was put on the telescope
  • what it will be able to do once we tweak and completely tune its performance
  • Another
  • images captured light scattered by a ring of dust that surrounds the young star HR4796A , about 237 light-years away
  • “Some day, there will be an instrument that will look a lot like GPI, on a telescope in space. And the images and spectra that will come out of that instrument will show a little blue dot that is another Earth.” – Bruce Macintosh, GPI team leader
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NASA Space Telescopes Find Patchy Clouds on Exotic World - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - 0 views

  • Astronomers using data from NASA's Kepler and Spitzer space telescopes have created the first cloud map of a planet
  • known as Kepler-7b
  • Previous studies from Spitzer have resulted in temperature maps of planets orbiting other stars
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  • this is the first look at cloud structures on a distant world.
  • observing this planet with Spitzer and Kepler for more than three years, we were able to produce a very low-resolution 'map' of this giant, gaseous planet
  • wouldn't expect to see oceans or continents on this type of world, but we detected a clear, reflective signature that we interpreted as clouds
  • Kepler-7b was one of the first
  • Kepler's visible-light observations of Kepler-7b's moon-like phases led to a rough map of the planet that showed a bright spot on its western hemisphere
  • data were not enough on their own to decipher whether the bright spot was coming from clouds or heat
  • Spitzer Space Telescope played a crucial role in answering this question
  • Spitzer can fix its gaze at a star system as a planet orbits around the star, gathering clues about the planet's atmosphere
  • Spitzer's ability to detect infrared light means it was able to measure Kepler-7b's temperature, estimating it to be between 1,500 and 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit (1,100 and 1,300 Kelvin).
  • relatively cool for a planet that orbits so close to its star -- within 0.06 astronomical units (one astronomical unit is the distance from Earth and the sun)
  • , too cool to be the source of light Kepler observed.
  • Instead, they determined, light from the planet's star is bouncing off cloud tops located on the west side of the planet.
  • Kepler-7b reflects much more light than most giant planets we've found, which we attribute to clouds in the upper atmosphere
  • the cloud patterns on this planet do not seem to change much over time -- it has a remarkably stable climate
  • With Spitzer and Kepler together, we have a multi-wavelength tool for getting a good look at planets that are trillions of miles away
  • exoplanet science
  • moving beyond just detecting exoplanets, and into the exciting science of understanding them
  • observations of Kepler-7b previously revealed that it is one of the puffiest planets known: if it could somehow be placed in a tub of water, it would float
  • found to whip around its star in just less than five days
  • a fully rendered 3D visualization tool, available for download at http://eyes.nasa.gov/exoplanets
  • program is updated daily with the latest findings from NASA's Kepler mission and ground-based observatories around the world as they search for planets
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Astronomers discover planet that shouldn't be there - 0 views

  • An international team of astronomers
  • has discovered the most distantly orbiting planet found to date around a single, sun-like star
  • 11 times Jupiter's mass and orbiting its star at 650 times the average Earth-Sun distance
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  • HD 106906 b
  • throws a wrench in planet formation theories
  • no model of either planet or star formation fully explains what we see
  • It is thought that planets close to their stars, like Earth, coalesce from small asteroid-like bodies born in the primordial disk of dust and gas that surrounds a forming star
  • this process acts too slowly to grow giant planets far from their star
  • Another proposed mechanism is that giant planets can form from a fast, direct collapse of disk material
  • primordial disks rarely contain enough mass in their outer reaches to allow a planet like HD 106906 b to form
  • Several alternative hypotheses have been put forward, including formation like a mini binary star system
  • binary star system can be formed when two adjacent clumps of gas collapse more or less independently to form stars, and these stars are close enough to each other to exert a mutual gravitation attraction and bind them together in an orb
  • It is possible that in the case of the HD 106906 system the star and planet collapsed independently from clumps of gas, but for some reason the planet's progenitor clump was starved for material and never grew large enough to ignite and become a star
  • one problem with this scenario is that the mass ratio of the two stars in a binary system is typically no more than 10-to-1.
  • the mass ratio is more than 100-to-1,
  • extreme mass ratio is not predicted from binary star formation theories – just like planet formation theory predicts that we cannot form planets so far from the host star
  • is also of
  • interest because researchers can still detect the remnant "debris disk" of material left over from planet and star formation.
  • potential to help us disentangle the various formation models
  • Future observations of the planet's orbital motion and the primary star's debris disk may help answer that question
  • At only 13 million years old, this young planet still glows from the residual heat of its formation
  • Because at 2,700 Fahrenheit (about 1,500 degrees Celsius) the planet is much cooler than its host star
  • it emits most of its energy as infrared rather than visible light
  • Earth
  • formed 4.5 billion years ago
  • about 350 times older than HD 106906 b.
  • Direct imaging observations require exquisitely sharp images, akin to those delivered by the Hubble Space Telescope
  • To reach this resolution from the ground requires a technology called Adaptive Optics, or AO
  • The team used the new Magellan Adaptive Optics (MagAO) system and Clio2 thermal infrared camera
  • mounted on the 6.5 meter-diameter Magellan telescope in the Atacama Desert in Chile to take the discovery image
  • MagAO was able to utilize its special Adaptive Secondary Mirror
  • 585 actuators, each moving 1,000 times a second, to remove the blurring of the atmosphere
  • optimized for thermal infrared wavelengths, where giant planets are brightest compared to their host stars
  • planets are most easily imaged at these wavelengths
  • The team was able to confirm that the planet is moving together with its host star by examining Hubble Space Telescope data taken eight years prior for another research program
  • This planet discovery is particularly exciting because it is in orbit so far from its parent star. This leads to many
  • questions about its formation history and composition
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NASA Hubble Telescope Discovers Water Plumes Over Icy Europa - 0 views

  • NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has
  • spotted water vapor above the moon's frigid south polar region, providing the first strong evidence of water plumes erupting off the moon's surface
  • Scientists had previously detected evidence of an ocean under Europa's icy crust
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  • the simplest explanation for this water vapor is that it erupted from plumes on the surface of Europa
  • If those plumes are connected with the subsurface water ocean
  • then this means that future investigations can directly investigate the chemical makeup of Europa's potentially habitable environment without drilling through layers of ice
  • This would actually be the second moon in the solar system known to have water vapor plumes
  • The first one to be discovered was Saturn's moon Enceladus
  • First detected in 2005 by NASA's Cassini orbiter, the plumes also possess dust and ice particles
  • So far, though, only water vapor gases have been detected in Europa.
  • It's possible that these plumes could be vented from long cracks on Europa's surface
  • Cassini has actually seen similar fissures that host the Enceladus
  • Europa plumes are similar to Enceladus in another way. They seem to also vary depending on the moon's orbital position; active jets have only been seen when Europa is farthest from Jupiter
  • supports a key prediction that Europa should tidally flex by a significant amount if it has a subsurface ocean
  • Once the plumes are confirmed, scientists can take a closer look at their composition and may even be able to find out more about the potential subsurface sea of Europa
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Star is discovered to be a close neighbor of the Sun and the coldest of its kind - 0 views

  • A "brown dwarf" star that appears to be the coldest of its kind—as frosty as Earth's North Pole—has been discovered
  • Images from the space telescopes also pinpointed the object's distance at 7.2 light-years away, making it the fourth closest system to our Sun
  • Brown dwarfs start their lives like stars, as collapsing balls of gas, but they lack the mass to burn nuclear fuel and radiate starlight
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  • The newfound coldest brown dwarf, named WISE J085510.83-071442.5, has a chilly temperature between minus 54 and 9 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 48 to minus 13 degrees Celsius).
  • Although it is very close to our solar system
  • is not an appealing destination for human space travel in the distant future.
  • WISE was able to spot the rare object because it surveyed the entire sky twice in infrared light
  • Cool objects like brown dwarfs can be invisible when viewed by visible-light telescopes, but their thermal glow—even if feeble—stands out in infrared light.
  • is estimated to be 3 to 10 times the mass of Jupiter.
  • With such a low mass, it could be a gas giant similar to Jupiter that was ejected from its star system. But scientists estimate it is probably a brown dwarf rather than a planet since brown dwarfs are known to be fairly common
  • If so, it is one of the least massive brown dwarfs known.
  • Combined detections
  • ken from different positions around the Sun, enabled the measurement of its distance through the parallax effect
  • In March of 2013
  • analysis of the images from WISE uncovered a pair of much warmer brown dwarfs at a distance of 6.5 light years, making that system the third closest to the Sun
  • NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Spitzer Space Telescopes.
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Asteroid 2013 UQ4 Suddenly Becomes a Dark Comet with a Bright Future - 0 views

  • On October 23, 2013,  astronomers with the Catalina Sky Survey picked up a very faint asteroid with an unusual orbit more like a that of a comet than an asteroid
  •  At the time 2013 UQ4 was little  more than a stellar point with no evidence of a hazy coma or tail that would tag it as a comet
  • On May 7,
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  • remote telescope located in Siding Spring, Australia to take photos of 2013 UQ4 shortly before dawn in the constellation Cetus.
  • The asteroid had grown a little fuzz, making the move to comethood
  • now displays a substantial coma or atmosphere
  • . No tail is visible yet
  • it’s still bright enough to see in a 12-inch telescope under dark skie
  • Assuming the now renamed C/2013 UQ4 continues to spout dust and water vapor, it should brighten to magnitude +11 by month’s end as it moves northward across Pisces and into a dark morning sky
  • Perihelion occurs on June 5 with the comet reaching magnitude +8-9 by month’s end
  • Peak brightness of 7th magnitude is expected during its close approach of Earth on July 10 at 29 million miles (46.7 million km).
  • should be a great summer comet, plainly visible in binoculars from a dark sky
  • at the rate of some 7 degrees per night! That’s 1/3 of a degree per hour or fast enough to see movement through a telescope in a matter of minutes when the comet is nearest Earth
  • belongs to a special category of asteroids called damocloids
  • that have orbits resembling the Halley-family comets with long periods, fairly steep inclinations and highly eccentric orbits (elongated shapes)
  • Damocloids are thought to be comets that have lost all their fizz.
  • their volatile ices spent from previous trips around the sun, they stop growing comas and tails and appear identical to asteroids
  • Occasionally, one comes back to life. It’s happened in at least four other cases and appears to be happening with C/2013 UQ4 as well.
  • Studies of the comet/asteroid’s light indicate that
  • is a very dark but rather large object some 4-9 miles (7-15 km) across.
  • It’s estimated that
  • takes at least 500 years to make one spin around the sun
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More Insight on How NASA Might Revive the Kepler Space Telescope - 0 views

  • there’s still a year and a half’s worth of data in the pipeline that scientists will analyze to identify other candidate planets, and there will continue to be Kepler science discoveries for quite some time
  • There are two possible ways to salvage the spacecraft
  • they could try turning back on the reaction wheel that they shut off a year ago. It was putting metal on metal, and the friction was interfering with its operation
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  • could see if the lubricant that is in there, having sat quietly, has redistributed itself, and maybe it will work
  • The other scheme,
  • this has never been tried, involves using thrusters and the solar pressure exerted on the solar panels to try and act as a third reaction wheel and provide additional pointing stability
  • Kepler carries a photometer, not a camera, that looks at the brightness of stars, and so its optics deliberately defocus light from stars to create a nice spread of light on the detector, which is not ideal for spotting asteroids
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