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Researchers find novel approach to reactivate latent HIV - 0 views

  • A team of scientists
  • has identified a new way to make latent HIV reveal itself
  • could help overcome one of the biggest obstacles to finding a cure for HIV infection
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  • They discovered that increasing the random activity, or noise, associated with HIV gene expression–without increasing the average level of gene expression–can reactivate latent HIV
  • When HIV infects an immune cell, it inserts its genetic material into the DNA of the infected cell
  • In most cases, the immune cell's
  • makes copies of the viral genetic material
  • eventually leads to the production
  • of all the components needed to make more viruses
  • In some cases, however, HIV
  • goes into a holding pattern and the virus enters a latent state within the infected immune cell
  • This means that a small percentage of HIV hides in infected cells, beyond the reach of even the most potent drugs
  • people with HIV infection have to take antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for the rest of their lives
  • Roy Dar, PhD,
  • "If we can make the virus show itself, we can then use ARVs to eliminate it.
  • This so-called 'shock and kill' approach holds great promise, but to date it has unfortunately shown only limited success."
  • In this study, the team tested the counter-intuitive notion that compounds that increase noise in gene expression could work together with transcriptional activators to increase overall levels of HIV reactivation
  • They found that while the noise enhancers could not cause reactivation on their own, 75 percent of them could synergize with activators and increase viral reactivation relative to activator alone
  • some noise enhancers doubled reactivation levels when combined with activators
  • "The implications for using noise also extend far beyond HIV reactivation, since random cellular activity contributes to a wide range of processes, from antibiotic persistence to cancer metastasis
  • Dr. Weinberger
Mars Base

Lake on Saturn's Largest Moon May Have Waves - Scientific American - 0 views

  • meras on NASA's spacecraft Cassini recently saw what appear to be waves on one of Titan's largest methane lakes
  • a signal scientists have long searched for but never found
  • If confirmed, the discovery would mark the first time waves have been seen outside Earth.
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  • team found patterns in the sunlight reflecting off a northern lake called Punga Mare that they interpret as two-centimeter-high waves
  • There
  • may be a mudflat instead of a deep lake, and a shallow film of liquid on top may be the cause of the unique light signature
  • If life on Titan exists,
  • the best place to look
  • is in large bodies of liquid—the kind that form waves
  • Waves on Titan
  • would confirm that the lakes actually are deep reservoirs of methane and ethane,
  • True liquid bodies would also make a robotic spacecraft mission to explore Titan's habitability more feasible
  • By 2017 scientists should know for certain whether what they are seeing is indeed caused by waves
  • Cassini has been observing the moon during its northern winter, when weak winds are at work
  • As spring
  • over the next few years, bringing stronger winds to kick up seas, the probe should capture more definitive evidence of waves if they exist
Mars Base

Astronomers find a new type of planet: The 'mega-Earth' - 0 views

  • Astronomers announced
  • that they have discovered a new type of planet - a rocky world weighing 17 times as much as Earth
  • Theorists believed such a world couldn't form because anything so hefty would grab hydrogen gas as it grew and become a Jupiter-like gas giant
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  • This planet, though, is all solids and much bigger than previously discovered "super-Earths," making it a "mega-Earth."
  • Kepler-10c, circles a sunlike star once every 45 days
  • It is located about 560 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco
  • The system also hosts a 3-Earth-mass "lava world," Kepler-10b, in a remarkably fast, 20-hour orbit
  • Kepler-10c was originally spotted by NASA's Kepler spacecraft.
  • By measuring the amount of dimming, astronomers can calculate the planet's physical size or diameter
  • Kepler can't tell whether a planet is rocky or gassy
  • Kepler-10c was known to have a diameter
  • , 2.3 times as large as Earth
  • This suggested it fell into a category of planets known as mini-Neptunes, which have thick, gaseous envelopes
  • The team used the HARPS-North instrument on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) in the Canary Islands to measure the mass of Kepler-10c
  • They found that it weighed 17 times as much as Earth - far more than expected.
  • This showed that Kepler-10c must have a dense composition of rocks and other solids.
  • Planet formation theories have a difficult time explaining how such a large, rocky world could develop
  • The early universe contained only hydrogen and helium
  • Heavier elements needed to make rocky planets, like silicon and iron, had to be created
  • When those stars exploded
  • scattered
  • through space, which then could
  • later generations of stars and planets
  • This process should have taken billions of years. However, Kepler-10c shows that the universe was able to form such huge rocks even during the time when heavy elements were scarce.
  • tells us that rocky planets could form much earlier than we thought. And if you can make rocks
  • This research implies that astronomers shouldn't rule out old stars when they search for Earth-like planets
  • if old stars can host rocky Earths too, then we have a better chance of locating potentially habitable worlds in our cosmic neighborhood
  • The Kepler-10 system is about 11 billion years old, which means it formed less than 3 billion years after the Big Bang
  • It's massive enough to have held onto
  • its atmosphere
  • if it ever had it
Mars Base

June 13 - Today in Science History - Scientists born on June 13th, died, and events - 0 views

  • Sunspots
  • In 1611, a publication on the newly discovered phenomenon of sunspots was dedicated. Narratio de maculis in sole observatis et apparente earum cum sole conversione. (“Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun”). This first publication on such observations, was the work of Johannes Fabricius, a Dutch astronomer who was perhaps the first ever to observe sunspots. On 9 Mar 1611, at dawn, Johannes had used his telescope to view the rising sun and had seen several dark spots on it. He called his father to investigate this new phenomenon with him. The brightness of the Sun's center was very painful, and the two quickly switched to a projection method by means of a camera obscura
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Light from huge explosion 12 billion years ago reaches Earth -- ScienceDaily - 0 views

  • Intense light from the enormous explosion of a star more than 12 billion years ago -- shortly after the Big Bang -- recently reached Earth and was visible in the sky.
  • Known as a gamma-ray burst, the intense light captured in the night sky resulted from one of the biggest and hottest explosions in the universe, occurring shortly after the Big Bang
Mars Base

Researchers find spatial awareness shifts right as people fall asleep - 0 views

  • A team of researchers
  • has found that spatial awareness shifts to the right when people are falling asleep
  • another team of researchers reported noting that people experiencing reduced alertness due to sleepiness, tended to have alterations to their spatial awareness
Mars Base

Move Over, Gravity: Black Hole Magnetic Fields May Have Powerful Pull - 0 views

  • It’s oft-repeated that black holes are powerful gravity wells, because they represent a dense concentration of matter in one location
  • magnetic fields
  • A new study suggests that
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  • could be at least as strong as gravity in supermassive black holes, the singularities that lurk in the center of many galaxies
Mars Base

Contact With 36-Year Old Spacecraft Results in Dancing, Hugs. Now Comes Even Bigger Cha... - 0 views

  • the spin rate of spacecraft is slightly below what it should be
  • the spacecraft is spinning at 19.16 rpm. “The mission specification is 19.75 +/- 0.2 rpm
  • are now receiving information from the spacecraft’s magnetometer
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  • The next task will be looking at the propulsion system and making sure they can actually fire the engines for a trajectory correction maneuver (TCM), currently targeted for June 17.
Mars Base

June 17 - Today in Science History - Scientists born on June 17th, died, and events - 0 views

  • Armstrong demonstration of FM radio to FCC
  • In 1936, Edwin H. Armstrong demonstrated his invention of FM radio in Washington D.C. to a fact-finding investigation conducted by the Federal Communications Commission into the future of radio and television. His revolutionary method modulated the frequency of a broadcast radio wave to carry the audio signal (FM), instead of the existing use of amplitude modulation (AM). Armstrong's new system utilized a higher frequency band than was used by existing commercial radio transmitters. It eliminated all static and outside interference. Several hundred representatives of the radio industry were present. Armstrong presented the differences between the old and new methods with a series of sound-film recordings of the same program under the different conditions. FM was clear of the hissing, buzzing and crackling static noises of AM
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