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Exciting New 'Enceladus Explorer' Mission Proposed to Search for Life - 0 views

  • project sponsored by the German Aerospace Center, Enceladus Explorer, was launched on February 22, 2012, in an attempt to answer the question of whether there could be life on (or rather, inside) Enceladus. The project lays the groundwork for a new, ambitious mission being proposed for some time in the future
Chris Fisher

Secret Military Mini-Shuttle Marks One Year in Orbit : Discovery News - 0 views

  • The military won't say what it has been doing with its experimental miniature space shuttle, but the pilotless spaceship, known as the X-37B, has been in orbit for a year now. The 29-foot robotic spacecraft, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle, or OTV, was launched on March 5, 2011, on a follow-up flight to extend capabilities demonstrated by a sistership during a 244-day debut mission in 2010.
  • "The X-37B program is setting the standard for a reusable space plane and, on this one-year orbital milestone, has returned great value on the experimental investment,"
  • Amateur satellite watchers last spotted the spaceship on March 4 as it circled between 204 and 212 miles above the planet in an orbit inclined 42.8 degrees relative to the equator.
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  • "Ground tracks that repeat every two to four days are a common feature of U.S. imagery intelligence satellites," Molczan said. "It gives you a fairly frequent revisit of the same targets from the same vantage point."
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Data From NASA's Voyager 1 Point to Interstellar Future - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - 0 views

  • Data from NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft indicate that the venerable deep-space explorer has encountered a region in space where the intensity of charged particles from beyond our solar system has markedly increased
  • draw closer to an inevitable but historic conclusion - that humanity's first emissary to interstellar space is on the edge of our solar system
  • someday Voyager will become the first human-made object to enter interstellar space, but we still do not know exactly when that someday will be
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  • latest data indicate that we are clearly in a new region where things are changing more quickly
  • data making the 16-hour-38 minute, 11.1-billion-mile (17.8-billion-kilometer), journey from Voyager 1 to antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network on Earth
  • These energetic particles were generated when stars in our cosmic neighborhood went supernova.
  • From January 2009 to January 2012, there had been a gradual increase of about 25 percent in the amount of galactic cosmic rays
  • Beginning on May 7, the cosmic ray hits have increased five percent in a week and nine percent in a month
  • The second important measure
  • is the intensity of energetic particles generated inside the heliosphere, the bubble of charged particles the sun blows around itself
  • there has been a slow decline in the measurements of these energetic particles, they have not dropped off
  • could be expected when Voyager breaks through the solar boundary.
  • The final data set that Voyager scientists believe will reveal a major change is the measurement in the direction of the magnetic field lines surrounding the spacecraft
  • While Voyager is still within the heliosphere, these field lines run east-west. When it passes into interstellar space, the team expects Voyager will find that the magnetic field lines orient in a more north-south direction
  • Such analysis will take weeks
  • Launched in 1977, Voyager 1 and 2 are in good health. Voyager 2 is more than 9.1 billion miles (14.7 billion kilometers) away from the sun
Mars Base

Early Black Holes were Grazers Rather than Glutonous Eaters - 0 views

  • Black holes powering distant quasars in the early Universe grazed on patches of gas or passing galaxies rather than glutting themselves in dramatic collisions according to new observations from NASA’s Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes
  • A black hole doesn’t need much gas to satisfy its hunger and turn into a quasar
  • Quasars are distant and brilliant galactic powerhouses. These far-off objects are powered by black holes that glut themselves on captured material; this in turn heats the matter to millions of degrees making it super luminous
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  • team studied 30 quasars with NASA’s orbiting telescopes Hubble and Spitzer
  • These quasars, glowing extremely bright in the infrared images
  • telltale sign that resident black holes are actively scooping up gas and dust into their gravitational whirlpool
  • formed during a time of peak black-hole growth between eight and twelve billion years
  • supports evidence that the creation of the most massive black holes in the early Universe was fueled not by dramatic bursts of major mergers but by smaller, long-term events
  • found 26 of the host galaxies
  • about the size of our own Milky Way Galaxy, showed no signs of collisions
  • Quasars that are products of galaxy collisions are very bright
  • the process powering the quasars and their black holes lies below the detection of Hubble
  • prime targets for the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, a large infrared orbiting observatory scheduled for launch in 2018
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Astrophysicists spy ultra-distant galaxy amidst cosmic 'dark ages' - 0 views

  • combined power of NASA's Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes as well as a cosmic magnification effect, a team
  • has spotted what could be the most distant galaxy ever detected.
  • Light from the young galaxy captured by the orbiting observatories shone forth when the 13.7-billion-year-old universe was just 500 million years old
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  • This galaxy is the most distant object we have ever observed with high confidence
  • Future work involving this galaxy—as well as others like it that we hope to find—will allow us to study the universe's earliest objects and how the Dark Ages ended
  • traveled approximately 13.2 billion light-years
  • the universe was just 3.6 percent
  • Objects at these extreme distances are mostly beyond the detection sensitivity of today's largest telescopes
  • astronomers rely on "gravitational lensing
  • predicted by Albert Einstein a century ago
  • gravity of foreground objects warps and magnifies the light from background objects
  • brightening the remote object some 15 times and bringing it into view.
  • small and compact, containing only about 1 percent of the Milky Way's mass
  • leading cosmological theories, the first galaxies should indeed have started out tiny
  • then progressively merged
  • omers plan to study the rise of the first stars and galaxies and the epoch of reionization with the successor to both Spitzer and Hubble—NASA's James Webb Telescope, slated for launch in 2018
  • newly described distant galaxy will likely be a prime target.
  • first galaxies likely played the dominant role in the epoch of reionization
  • event that signaled the demise of the universe's Dark Ages
  • About 400,000 years after the Big Bang, neutral hydrogen gas formed from cooling particles
  • these earliest galaxies is thought to have caused the neutral hydrogen strewn throughout the universe to ionize, or lose an electron
  • during the epoch of reionization, the lights came on in the universe
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Send Your Names to an Asteroid, NASA Says - 0 views

  • NASA invited the public to submit their names that will be engraved on a microchip aboard a spacecraft that will head to the 1,760-foot-wide asteroid.
  • The spacecraft will be sent to the asteroid where it will collect about two ounces of surface material and return with it to Earth in a sample-return capsule in 2023
  • submit their names online before September 30 at 'Message to Bennu.'
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  • your name not just stays up there for 500 days but will remain in space even after the spacecraft returns the capsule to Earth.
  • Those who have submitted their names can download and print a certificate documenting their participation in the OSIRIS-REx mission
  • Participants who have registered their names and who 'follow' or 'like' the asteroid mission on Facebook and Twitter will get notifications on the status of their name in space from the time it is launched and until the samples are returned to Earth in 2013.
  • The aim of the OSIRIS-Rex mission is to address the basic questions on the composition of the early solar system.
  • Once the samples return to the Earth, the spacecraft will be placed into a long term solar orbit around the sun, along with the microchip on which the names are engraved.
Mars Base

Planetary Resources Raises $1.5M for Crowdfunded Space Telescope | Space Telescopes | S... - 0 views

  • Planetary Resources raised more than $1.5 million in 33 days to launch a small space telescope into low Earth orbit in 2015
  • 17,614 people donated money for the crowdsourced Arkyd-100
  • The company hit that goal June 19, then raked in another $505,366 in the final 10 days of the campaign, including $100,000 on June 30 from Virgin Group Chairman Richard Branson.
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  • Planetary Resources, Bellevue, Wash., began a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign May 29 seeking to raise at least $1 million by June 30
  • 14,919 space selfies, according data from Kickstarter
  • Kicktraq.com, shows that Planetary Resources raised an average of $45,614 a day, with the 17,614 donors contributing an average of $85 each
Mars Base

Hobbled Kepler Space Telescope Now On The Hunt For A New Mission - 0 views

  • NASA cannot recover the two failed reaction wheels that stopped Kepler from doing its primary science mission
  • the spacecraft, which is already working years past when its prime mission ceased in 2010, is still in great shape otherwise
  • could be anything from searching for asteroids to a technique called microlensing, which could show Jupiter-sized planets around other stars with the spacecraft’s more limited pointed ability
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  • NASA is now considering other science missions
  • the health of the spacecraft, but it is so far listed as good (except for the two damaged reaction wheels).
  • There are limiting factors
  • radiation can degrade components over time, and a stray micrometeorid could (as a small chance) cause damage on the spacecraft
  • a state where the spacecraft uses as little fuel as possible
  • point rest state right now
  • will extend the fuel “budget” for years
  • unable to say just how many years yet
  • Another concern is NASA’s limited budget
  • Kepler has, so far, detected more than 2,700 candidate exoplanets orbiting distant stars, including many Earth-size planets that are within their star’s habitable zone, where water could exist in liquid form
  • NASA made several attempts to resurrect the wheels
  • follow-up spacecraft planned: the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, which is expected to start around 2017 or 2018. It will look for alien planets in the brightest and closest stars in the entire sky, in locations that are (in relative terms) close to Earth.
Mars Base

ESA's Solar Probe to be Protected Using Prehistoric Cave Pigment - 0 views

  • European Space Agency's engineers will use burnt bone charcoal to protect its solar probe from the harsh glare of the Sun.
  • Burnt bone charcoal, also used in prehistoric cave paintings, will be used by scientists in the titanium heatshield of ESA's Solar Orbiter spacecraft.
  • will help in protecting the Orbiter from the strong glare of the Sun
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  •  Solar Orbiter, due to launch in 2017, will carry a range of instruments in order to conduct high-resolution imaging of the Sun
  • The main body of the spacecraft takes cover behind a
  • heatshield
  • . slightly more than a quarter of the distance to Earth. The temperatures will be as high as 520 degree C
  • "To go on absorbing sunlight, then convert it into infrared to radiate back out to space, its surface material needs to maintain constant 'thermo-optical properties' - keep the same colour despite years of exposure to extreme ultraviolet radiation
  • , the shield cannot shed material or outgas vapour, because of the risk of contaminating Solar Orbiter's highly sensitive instruments
  • has to avoid any build-up of static charge in the solar wind because that might threaten a disruptive or even destructive discharge,"
  • Andrew Norman, a materials technology specialist
  • The engineers ruled out carbon fiber fabric, their first choice, as it is a light polymer.
  • s company makes titanium medical implants. They use the CoBlast technique that is best suited for reactive metals like titanium, aluminium and stainless steel, basically metals that have a surface of oxide layer.
  • also include a second 'dopant' material possessing whatever characteristics are needed
  • spray the metal surface with abrasive material to grit-blast this layer of
  • simultaneously takes the place of the oxide layer being stripped out,
  • the new layer gets bonded and effectively becomes a part of the metal. The company will apply 'Solar Black', to the outer titanium sheet of the probe's multi layered heatshield
  • Solar Black is a type of black calcium phosphate that is developed from burnt bone charcoal.
Mars Base

The Olympic Torch That Went Around the World… Literally - 0 views

  • Ever since the first relay for the 1936 summer Olympic games in Berlin, Olympic torches have traditionally been used to carry a burning flame
  • from Greece to the host country’s stadium
  • On Nov. 6, 2013 (Nov. 7 UT) a Soyuz TMA-11M rocket launched
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  • the Expedition 38/39 crew to the ISS
  • Along with their mission supplies and personal items, the crew members brought along something special: a torch for the 2014 Olympics.
  • The torch was brought into space two days later
  • during an EVA on Nov. 9, and handed off from one cosmonaut to the other in a symbolic relay in orbit
  • “symbolic” because the torch was not lit during its time aboard the ISS or, obviously, while in space
  • the ISS travels around the Earth 16 times each day, and the torch spent nearly four days in space
  • it will be that particular spacefaring torch that will be used to light the 2014 Olympic cauldron during the Opening Ceremony in Sochi on Feb. 7.
Mars Base

March 1 - Today in Science History - Scientists born on March 1st, died, and events - 0 views

  • Soviet spacecraft reaches Venus surface
  • In 1966, the mission of the Soviet Union's unmanned spacecraft Venera 3 (Venus 3) was a partial success when it reached Venus and automatically released a small landing capsule intended to explore the planet's atmosphere during a parachute descent. However, contact had been lost since 16 Feb 1966. Although no data was returned before the capsule impacted, it became the first man-made object to touch the surface of another planet. The Soviet Union issued a commemorative stamp to mark the achievement. Venera 3 was launched on 16 Nov 1965. The landing capsule (0.9-m diam., about 300-kg) had been designed to collect data on pressure, temperature, and composition of the Venusian atmosphere. Failure is believed due to overheating of internal components and the solar panels
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It's Official: Voyager 1 Is Now In Interstellar Space - 0 views

  • NASA says the most distant human made object — the Voyager 1 spacecraft — is in interstellar space
  • It actually made the transition about a year ago
  • there is a bit of an argument on the semantics of whether Voyager 1 is still inside or outside of our Solar System
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  • it is not farther out than the Oort Cloud
  • it will take 300 more years reach the Oort cloud and the spacecraft is closer to our Sun than any other star
  • the plasma environment Voyager 1 now travels through has definitely changed from what comes from our Sun to the plasma that is present in the space between stars.
  • debate
  • There’s also been a
  • between the latest various science papers and their authors
  • Scientists thought that when the spacecraft had crossed over into interstellar space, the magnetic field direction would change
  • that didn’t happen
  • scientists determined they needed to look at the properties of the plasma instead
  • The Sun’s heliosphere is filled with ionized plasma from the Sun
  • Outside that bubble, the plasma comes from the explosions of other stars millions of years ago
  • The main tell-tail difference is the interstellar plasma is denser.
  • the real instrument that was designed to make the measurements on the plasma quit working in the 1980’s
  • Instead they used the plasma wave instrument, located on the 10-meter long antennas on Voyager 1 and
  • from the Sun
  • a massive Coronal Mass Ejection
  • The antennas have radio receivers at the ends – “like the rabbit ears on old television sets
  • The CME erupted from the Sun in March 2012, and eventually arrived at Voyager 1′s location 13 months later, in April 2013
  • Because of the CME, the plasma around the spacecraft began to vibrate like a violin string
  • The pitch of the oscillations helped scientists determine the density of the plasma
  • the particular oscillations meant the spacecraft was bathed in plasma more than 40 times denser than what they had encountered in the outer layer of the heliosphere
  • The plasma wave science team reviewed its data and found an earlier, fainter set of oscillations in October and November 2012 from other CMEs
  • extrapolation of measured plasma densities from both events, the team determined Voyager 1 first entered interstellar space in August 2012
  • certainly in a new region at the edge of the solar system where things are changing rapidly
  • not yet able to say that Voyager 1 has entered interstellar space
  • the data are changing in ways that the team didn’t expect
  • after further review, the Voyager team generally accepts the August 2012 date as the date of interstellar arrival
  • The charged particle and plasma changes were what would have been expected during a crossing of the heliopause
  • expect the fields and particles science instruments on Voyager will continue to send back data through at least 2020
  • , it was first questioned in August of 2012, with more speculation in December 2012, then in March of 2013
  • Then about a month ago
  • Voyager 2, launched before Voyager 1, is the longest continuously operated spacecraft
  • emitted signals are currently very dim, at about 23 watts — the power of a refrigerator light bulb
  • Voyager mission controllers still talk to or receive data from Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 every day
  • planetary alignment that only happens every 176 years enabled the two spacecraft to join together to reach all the outer planets in a 12 year time period
  • By the time the signals get to Earth, they are a fraction of a billion-billionth of a watt
  • Data from Voyager 1′s instruments are transmitted to Earth typically at 160 bits per second
  • signal from Voyager 1 takes about 17 hours to travel to Earth.
  • After the data are transmitted to JPL and processed by the science teams, Voyager data are made publicly available
  • Scientists do not know when Voyager 1 will reach the undisturbed part of interstellar space where there is no influence from our Sun
  • They also are not certain when Voyager 2 is expected to cross into interstellar space, but they believe it is not very far behind.
  • While Voyager 1 will keep going, we will not always be able to communicate with it, as we do now
  • In 2025 all instruments will be turned off, and the science team will be able to operate the spacecraft for about 10 years after that to just get engineering data
  • In the year 40,272 AD, Voyager 1 will come within 1.7 light years of an obscure star in the constellation Ursa Minor
Mars Base

Voyager 1 spacecraft reaches interstellar space, study confirms - 0 views

  • University of Iowa space physicist
  • says there is solid evidence that NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft has become the first manmade object to reach interstellar space
  • 11 billion miles distant and 36 years after it was launched
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  • For several months, the relative position of Voyager 1
  • remains some lingering evidence of the nearby heliosphere beyond the heliopause.
  • April
  • there are variations in some of Voyager's measurements that may be due to the nearby presence of the heliosphere
  • 11.6 billion miles from the sun, or about 125 astronomical units.
  • it takes more than 17 hours for a radio signal to travel from the spacecraft
  • The signal strength is so incredibly weak that it takes both a 230-foot and a 110-foot-diameter antenna to receive our highest resolution data
  • moving outward from the sun at about 3.5 AU per year
Mars Base

An Unexpected Ending for Deep Impact - 0 views

  • After almost 9 years in space
  • July 4th impact and subsequent flyby of a comet, an additional comet flyby, and the return of approximately 500,000 images of celestial objects
  • NASA’s Deep Impact/EPOXI mission has officially been brought to a close.
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  • team at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory has reluctantly pronounced the mission at an end after being unable to communicate with the spacecraft for over a month
  • The last communication with the probe was Aug. 8
  • journeyed a total of about 4.7 billion miles (7.58 billion kilometers).
  • Launched in January 2005
  • the spacecraft first traveled about 268 million miles (431 million kilometers) to the vicinity of comet Tempel 1.
  • On July 3, 2005, the spacecraft deployed an impactor into the path of comet to essentially be run over by its nucleus on July 4
  • caused material from below the comet’s surface to be blasted out into space
  • examined by the telescopes and instrumentation of the flyby spacecraft
  • in late December 2007 to put it on course to encounter another comet, Hartley 2 in November 2010
  • Sixteen days after that comet encounter, the Deep Impact team placed the spacecraft on a trajectory to fly back past Eart
  • The spacecraft’s extended mission
  • the successful flyby of comet Hartley 2 on Nov. 4, 2010
  • Along the way, it also observed six different stars to confirm the motion of planets orbiting them
  • took images and data of the Earth, the Moon and Mars
  • data helped to confirm the existence of water on the Moon, and attempted to confirm the methane signature in the atmosphere of Mars
  • It took images of comet ISON this year and collected early images of comet ISON in June
  • After losing contact with the spacecraft last month, mission controllers spent several weeks trying to uplink commands to reactivate its onboard systems
  • Although the exact cause of the loss is not known
  • analysis has uncovered a potential problem with computer time tagging that could have led to loss of control for Deep Impact’s orientation.
  • That would then affect the positioning of its radio antennas, making communication difficult
  • its solar arrays, which would in turn prevent the spacecraft from getting power
  • allow cold temperatures to ruin onboard equipment, essentially freezing its battery and propulsion systems.
Mars Base

Doubly Historic Day for Private Space: Cygnus docks at Station & Next Gen Falcon 9 Soars - 0 views

  • Sept. 29
  • Cygnus commercial cargo ship docked at the International Space Station (ISS)
  • a few hours later the Next Generation commercial SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket
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  • demonstration test flight from the California coast carrying a Canadian satellite to an elliptical earth orbit
  • Both Cygnus and Falcon 9 were developed with seed money from NASA in a pair of public-private partnerships between NASA and Orbital Sciences and SpaceX
  • docking was delayed a week due to an easily fixed communications glitch
  • The Cygnus spacecraft
  • Hatches to Cygnus
  • opened on Monday, Sept. 30 after completing leak checks
  • second commercial partner’s demonstration mission reaches the ISS
  • Cygnus delivers about 1,300 pounds (589 kilograms) of cargo, including food, clothing, water, science experiments, spare parts and gear to the Expedition 37 crew
  • SpaceX Falcon 9 blasted off from Space Launch Complex 4 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California
  • deployed Canada’s 1,060 pound (481 kg) Cascade, Smallsat, and Ionospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) weather satellite and several additional small satellites.
Mars Base

Hubble discovers water vapor venting from Jupiter's moon Europa - 0 views

  • Only after a particular camera on the Hubble Space Telescope had been repaired on the last servicing mission by the Space Shuttle did we gain the sensitivity to really search for these plumes
  • Future space probe missions to Europa could confirm that the exact locations and sizes of vents and determine whether they connect to liquid subsurface reservoirs
  • ESA's JUpiter ICy moons Explorer, a mission planned for launch in 2022, and which aims to explore both Jupiter and three of its largest moons: Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa.
Mars Base

One-Way, Manned Mission To Mars Just Got Closer To Reality | Popular Science - 0 views

  • Mars One announced
  • Lockheed Martin and Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. were awarded contracts to study and develop concepts for a Mars lander and a data link satellite,
  • for a 2018 exploratory mission
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  • The mission's timetable has been pushed back by two years. The satellite was originally supposed to launch in 2016, with humans arriving by 2023. Now, Mars One is aiming for a 2025 colonization date. 
Mars Base

Mars Science Laboratory: NASA Rover Confirms Mars Origin of Some Meteorites - 0 views

  • Examination of the Martian atmosphere by NASA's Curiosity Mars rover confirms that some meteorites that have dropped to Earth really are from the Red Planet
  • A key new measurement of the inert gas argon in Mars' atmosphere by Curiosity's laboratory provides the most definitive evidence yet of the origin of Mars meteorites while at the same time providing a way to rule out Martian origin of other meteorites
  • The new measurement is a high-precision count of two forms of argon -- argon-36 and argon-38 -- accomplished by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument inside the rover.
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  • These lighter and heavier forms, or isotopes, of argon exist naturally throughout the solar system
  • On Mars the ratio of light to heavy argon is skewed because much of that planet's original atmosphere was lost to space
  • The lighter form of argon was taken away more readily because it rises to the top of the atmosphere more easily and requires less energy to escape
  • That left the Martian atmosphere relatively enriched in the heavier isotope, argon-38
  • past analyses by Earth-bound scientists of gas bubbles trapped inside Martian meteorites had already narrowed the Martian argon ratio to between 3.6 and 4.5
  • Measurements by NASA's Viking landers in the 1970s put the Martian atmospheric ratio in the range of four to seven
  • The new SAM direct measurement on Mars now pins down the correct argon ratio at 4.2
  • The Curiosity measurements do not directly measure the current rate of atmospheric escape
  • NASA's next mission to Mars, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN), is designed to do so
  • That mission is being prepared
  • for a launch-opportunity period that begins on Nov. 18
Mars Base

Mars Rover Curiosity Proves Some Earth Meteorites are Martian | Space.com - 0 views

  • New data collected by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has pinned down the exact ratio of two forms of the inert gas argon in the Martian atmosphere
  • help confirm the origins of some meteorites
  • could also help researchers understand how and when Mars lost most of its atmosphere
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  • By understanding exactly how much of the lighter isotope argon-36 is present in the Martian atmosphere and comparing it to the heavier isotope, argon-38, scientists were able to confirm what the composition of a Martian meteorite on Earth should be
  • Curiosity found that the argon ratio for Mars is 4.2. The lighter form of argon has escaped more readily than the heavier isotope
  • Before this new study, scientists had placed the argon ratio somewhere between 3.6 and 4.5 by analyzing gas trapped inside Martian meteors on Earth
  • Argon is the clearest signature of atmospheric loss because it's chemically inert and does not interact
  • Curiosity is unable to directly investigate how much atmosphere Mars is losing, NASA's next Mars mission is designed to do just that
  • The MAVEN spacecraft (the name is short for Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission) will launch toward the Red Planet in November
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