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Mars Base

Researchers discover link between fear, sound perception - 0 views

medicalxpress.com/...2013-06-link-perception.html

scibyte100

shared by Mars Base on 01 Jul 13 - No Cached
  • our emotions can actually affect how we hear and process sound
  • When certain types of sounds become associated in our brains with strong emotions, hearing similar sounds can evoke those same feelings
  • a phenomenon commonly seen in combat veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • a pair of researchers
  • has discovered how fear can actually increase or decrease the ability to discriminate among sounds depending on context
  • study
  • emotional conditioning in mice to investigate how hearing acuity (the ability to distinguish between tones of different frequencies) can change following a traumatic event, known as emotional learning
  • In these experiments
  • animals learn to distinguish between potentially dangerous and safe sounds—called "emotional discrimination learning."
  • This type of conditioning tends to result in relatively poor learning, but
  • designed a series of learning tasks intended to create progressively greater emotional discrimination in the mice, varying the difficulty of the
  • The researchers found that, as expected, fine emotional learning tasks produced greater learning specificity than tests in which the tones were farther apart in frequency
  • animals presented with sounds that were very far apart generalize the fear that they developed to the danger tone over a whole range of frequencies
  • animals presented with the two sounds that were very similar exhibited specialization of their emotional response
  • pitch discrimination abilities were measured in the animals, the mice with more specific responses displayed much finer auditory acuity than the mice who were frightened by a broader range of frequencies
  • Another interesting finding of this study is that the effects of emotional learning on hearing perception were mediated by a specific brain region, the auditory cortex
  • The auditory cortex has been known as an important area responsible for auditory plasticity
  • Surprisingly
  • found that the auditory cortex did not play a role in emotional learning
  • the specificity of emotional learning is controlled by the amygdala and sub-cortical auditory areas
  • hypothesis is that the amygdala and cortex are modifying subcortical auditory processing areas. The sensory cortex is responsible for the changes in frequency discrimination, but it's not necessary for developing specialized or generalized emotional responses
Mars Base

Lactation protein suppresses tumors and metastasis in breast cancer, scientists discover - 0 views

medicalxpress.com/...presses-tumors-metastasis.html

scibyte69

shared by Mars Base on 24 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • protein that is necessary for lactation in mammals inhibits the critical cellular transition that is an early indicator of breast cancer and metastasis
  • first confirmed report that this protein, called Elf5, is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer
  • findings provide new avenues to pursue in treating and diagnosing breast cancer and possibly cancers of other organs as well
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • includes findings from both animal and human breast cancer models.
  • Under normal circumstances, Elf5 is a transcription factor that controls the genes that allow for milk production
  • epithelial cells in the mammary glands also became more mesenchymal, that is, more like stem cells, an early harbinger of cancer
  • when Elf5 levels are low or absent, epithelial cells become more like stem cells, morphing into mesenchymal cells, changing their shape and appearance and migrating elsewhere in the body
  • how cancer spreads
  • Elf5 keeps normal breast cells in their current shape and restricts their movement
  • the protein
  • suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by directly repressing transcription of Snail2, a master regulator of mammary stem cells known to trigger the EMT
  • Elf5 loss is frequently detected early
  • experiments
  • conducted
  • also found that little or no Elf5 in human breast cancer samples correlated with increased morbidity.
  • loss of Elf5 is an initial event in the disease
  • could also be an important diagnostic tool
  • how early does the loss of Elf5 occur?
  • use loss of Elf5 as a reliable diagnostic tool?"
  • EMT-Snail 2 pathway is a valuable one to target for early breast cancer intervention
Mars Base

InteraXon looking for crowdfunding for Muse, a brainwave-sensor headband (w/ Video) - 0 views

phys.org/...brainwave-sensor-headband.html

scibyte69

shared by Mars Base on 24 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • crowd source funding site
  • Muse is a headband device based on electroencephalography (EEG) sensor technology combined with a sophisticated smartphone app that allows the wearer's brainwaves to be monitored.
  • sensors
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • monitor alpha (resting state) and beta (active state) brainwaves
  • converted to a signal that is broadcast, via Bluetooth technology, to the user's smartphone
  • claims that Muse can be used to learn new ways to relax, recognize lapses in concentration, build self-confidence, and gain more control of one's thoughts, overall
  • app includes a series of lessons and exercises designed to teach the user how to manipulate brain waves using visual feedback
Mars Base

Self-Propelled Floating Robot Navigates an Arizona Lake | Space Exploration | Space.com - 0 views

www.space.com/ot-navigates-arizona-lake.html

scibyte39 robot MarMedia

shared by Mars Base on 21 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • floating robot made to land on a lake, propel itself around and gather data about the water and atmosphere as it goes
  • built it for future lake-landing missions to one of Saturn's moons, Titan.
  • could also be used for science and military missions on Earth,
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • weighs about 100 pounds,
  • In the video, the robot turns some circles and navigates on the lake's surface.
  • can carry 150 pounds' worth of sensing equipment
  • can be controlled from anywhere around the world using an Internet connection
  • working on making the craft more autonomous
  • wants to create data-gathering robots that have a sense of curiosity
  • investigate certain places, learn from what they find and use that information to decide what to explore next. 
  • an improved version
  • could help officials survey the cleanup of dangerously polluted water in munitions dumps and mines
  • also could help ocean scientists gather data about currents and pollution.
  • For a mission to Titan
  • NASA is interested in rovers that can land on liquid rather than on solid ground
Mars Base

Well-preserved strawberry-blond mammoth discovered in Siberia | Fox News - 0 views

www.foxnews.com/...-mammoth-discovered-in-siberia

scibyte41 WollyMammoth

shared by Mars Base on 04 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • juvenile mammoth, nicknamed "Yuka,"
  • found entombed in Siberian ice near the shores of the Arctic Ocean and shows signs of being cut open by ancient people.
  • remarkably well preserved frozen carcass
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • part of a BBC/Discovery Channel-funded expedition and is believed to be at least 10,000 years old, if not older
  • If further study confirms the preliminary findings, it would be the first mammoth carcass revealing signs of human interaction in the region.
  • in such good shape that much of its flesh is still intact, retaining its pink color. The blonde-red hue of Yuka's woolly coat also remains.
  • first relatively complete mammoth carcass -- that is, a body with soft tissues preserved -- to show evidence of human association
  • carbon dating is still in the works, the researchers believe Yuka died at least 10,000 years ago, but may be much older
  • The animal was about 2 ½ years old when it died.
  • appears that Yuka was pursued by one or more lions or another large field, judging from deep, unhealed scratches in the hide and bite marks on the tail
  • Yuka then apparently fell, breaking one of the lower hind legs
  • humans may have moved in to control the carcass, butchering much of the animal and removing parts that they would use immediately.
  • may, in fact, have reburied the rest of the carcass to keep it in reserve for possible later use
  • removed parts include most of the main core mass of Yuka's body, including organs, vertebrae, ribs, associated musculature, and some of the meat from upper parts of the legs
  • Kevin Campbell of the University of Manitoba also studied Yuka
  • Campbell famously published the genetic code of mammoth hemoglobin a few years ago
  • Most permafrost-preserved mammoth specimens consist solely of bones or bone fragments that currently provide little new insight into the species' biology in life
  • This extremely rare finding of a near complete specimen, like the discovery of the baby mammoth Lyuba in 2007, will be a boon to researchers as it will help them link observed phenotypes (morphological features that we can see) with genotype (DNA sequences)."
  • Such information could help reveal whether or not mammoths had all of the same hair colors that humans do
  • An intriguing and controversial application would be to bring a mammoth back to life via cloning.
  • producer and director of a forthcoming BBC/Discovery Channel show called "Woolly Mammoth"
  • told Discovery News that cloning a mammoth could take years or even decades.
Mars Base

How One Faulty Nitrogen-Purge Valve Forced SpaceX to Abort | Autopia | Wired.com - 0 views

www.wired.com/...cex-nitrogen-purge-valve-abort

scibyte47 SpaceX PrivateSpaceTravel iss

shared by Mars Base on 22 May 12 - No Cached
  • SpaceX engineers were able to trace the high-pressure problem to a valve that controls the flow of nitrogen used to purge the engine before ignition
  • check valve that allows the nitrogen purge prior to ignition in the Merlin engine was stuck open just before launch
  • stuck valve allowed “liquid oxygen to flow from the main injector [for the rocket engine itself] into the gas generator injector
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • stuck valve meant the liquid oxygen flowed into the gas generator injector, which led to the high pressure in engine five’s combustion chamber. The high pressure caused the flight computer to shutdown the engines, aborting the launch
  • the Falcon 9 may have been okay even if it had launched with the high pressure
Mars Base

Dinosaurs may have been warm-blooded: study - 0 views

phys.org/...06-dinosaurs-warm-blooded.html

scibyte53 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 28 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • found evidence that dinosaurs probably had a high metabolic rate to allow fast growth -- another indicator of warm-bloodedness
  • cold-blooded, meaning they cannot control their body temperatures through their own metabolic system
  • bones of warm-blooded animals such as birds and mammals had never been properly assessed
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • found the rings in all 41 warm-blooded animal species they studied
Mars Base

Shuttle Enterprise Beneath Shelter on NYC Museum Flight Deck | Space.com - 0 views

www.space.com/le-enterprise-nyc-display.html

scibyte52 shuttle enterprise

shared by Mars Base on 22 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • Two weeks after "landing" on top of the aircraft carrier-turned-Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City, NASA's prototype space shuttle Enterprise is now underneath the inflatable canopy that will house its public display.
  • Enterprise was covered by the opaque-white fabric shelter on Tuesday (June 19) to protect it from exposure to the elements and to meet NASA's display requirements for a climate-controlled facility
  • Some final work configuring the canopy is still underway however, including the removal of scaffolding that supported the fabric being raised, which led to it being deflated again.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • pressurized enclosure extends over Enterprise's tail, which tops out at 57 feet (17 meters) high, and beyond the shuttle's 78-foot (24-meter) wingspan. It occupies the rear of the Intrepid's flight deck with the shuttle's nose pointed out toward the Hudson River
  • display is set to open to the public on July 19
  • visitors the chance to closely view and circle around the prototype winged orbiter
  • The location for the permanent Enterprise exhibit is still to be decided. Intrepid officials told collectSPACE that they are considering locations across the street from where the aircraft carrier is docked and also alongside the museum on the pier.
Mars Base

Video: MIT Alumni Bring Spacesuit Tech to Temperature-Regulating Dress Shirts | Popular... - 0 views

www.popsci.com/...ress-shirts-use-spacesuit-tech

scibyte53 ApolloShirt

shared by Mars Base on 03 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • team of MIT grads
  • Apollo line of dress shirts
  • use phase-change materials to absorb heat from your body to cool you off when it's hot, then release it when things cool down
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • similar to technology used in NASA-approved spacesuits
  • anti-microbial coating
  • been a hit on Kickstarter
  • blowing past its initial goal of $30,000
Mars Base

Study identifies how muscles are paralyzed during sleep - 0 views

medicalxpress.com/...2012-07-muscles-paralyzed.html

SleepDisorder GrabBag

shared by Mars Base on 12 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • Two powerful brain chemical systems work together to paralyze skeletal muscles during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
  • During REM sleep — the deep sleep where most recalled dreams occur — your eyes continue to move but the rest of the body's muscles are stopped
  • In a series of experiments
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • neuroscientists
  • found that the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine caused REM sleep paralysis in rats by "switching off" the specialized cells in the brain that allow muscles to be active
  • reversed earlier beliefs that glycine was a lone inhibitor of these motor neurons.
  • By identifying the neurotransmitters and receptors involved in sleep-related paralysis, this study points us to possible molecular targets for developing treatments for sleep-related motor disorders
  • Previous research suggested neurotransmitter receptors called ionotropic GABAA/glycine receptors in the motor neurons caused REM sleep paralysis
  • when the researchers blocked these receptors, REM sleep paralysis still occurred.
  • to prevent REM sleep paralysis, they had to block both the ionotropic receptors and metabotropic GABAB receptors, a different receptor system
  • when the motor cells were cut off from all sources of GABA and glycine, the paralysis did not occur
  • suggest the two neurotransmitters must both be present together to maintain motor control during sleep
  • finding could be especially helpful for those with REM sleep disorder, a disease that causes people to act out their dreams
Mars Base

Drug's 'double hit' overcomes leukaemia resistance - 0 views

medicalxpress.com/...drug-leukaemia-resistance.html

Cancer GrabBag

shared by Mars Base on 13 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • drug that uses a unique ‘double hit’ to kill leukaemia cells could be a potential new treatment for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
  • 30 per cent of patients with AML have faults in the FLT3 gene
  • linked to more aggressive leukaemias and poor survival
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • drugs that target these faults are available, the disease eventually builds resistance, leaving treatments ineffective.
  • researchers at The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) in London
  • developed a unique drug that targets AML cells in a “double hit”.
  • blocks the protein made by the faulty FLT3 gene along with another key protein – called Aurora kinase – which are both involved in driving cancer growth
  • healthy blood cells, FLT3 sends a signal to the cells telling them when to proliferate, while Aurora kinase plays a role in cell division
  • Leukaemia cells with faulty FLT3 can proliferate out of control
  • many cancer cells have higher levels of Aurora kinase, causing errors during cell division
  • drug is also unique because it can destroy cells even if they develop new faults in the FLT3 genes that would make them resistant to other inhibitors
  • There has been great interest in using FLT3 drugs to treat AML
  • effectiveness has been limited because leukaemia cells gain new mistakes in the FLT3 gene, causing resistance.
  • new drug has the potential to overcome this and has a range of possible uses in AML
  • those over 60 who don’t tolerate chemotherapy well, and also to treat  leukaemia patients who have relapsed
  • We’re excited about the potential of our new ‘double hit’ drug and are now planning to take it into clinical trials to see if it is effective in patients
  • faults that occur in the FLT3 gene cause rapid cell division
  • Each year around 2,380 people are diagnosed with AML in the UK
  • creating cells in the lab that mimic how drug resistance develops in AML the researchers were able to show that their new drug delivers a ‘double hit’ to halt cancer cells in their tracks
Mars Base

Common Lab Dye Found to Interrupt Formation of Huntington's Disease Proteins: Scientifi... - 0 views

www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm

scibyte59 GrabBag MedicalTreatment

shared by Mars Base on 16 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • methylene blue, gets a mention in medical literature as early as 1897 and was used to treat, at one time or another, ailments ranging from malaria to cyanide poisoning
  • never formally approved it as a therapy for any illnesses.
  • Because of existing knowledge of methylene blue and the fact that it’s not harmful to humans, I would hope that progress toward clinical trials could go relatively quickly," says 
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • a neurobiologist at University of California–Irvine
  • Huntington’s disease occurs when the C-A-G sequence of DNA base pairs repeat too often on the HTT gene, resulting in an abnormally long version of the huntingtin protein, that therefore folds incorrectly and forms clumps in the brain
  • usually begins to affect people in their 30s and 40s, causing movement problems and early death
  • No drug is currently available to stop the disease from progressing
  • For their experiment, researchers fed methylene blue mixed with food for a week to Drosophila flies
  • brains showed that protein clumps had been reduced by 87 percent compared with a control group
  • given methylene blue
  • underwent several tests to assess mobility
  • At two months of age, the treated mice showed abnormal clasping of their hind claws only 20 percent of the time
  • untreated counterparts clasped at a 60 percent rate
  • the number of mice used was not sufficient to provide statistically significant results and the difference in the test quickly dropped off at nine weeks of age
  • the data as hopeful, because even a delay in Huntington’s symptoms would be very helpful
  • more research is needed
  • Methylene blue would absolutely require further testing in mouse models and would need safety and efficacy trial before it could be used for humans."
  • This study shows promise pre-clinically and follow-up studies are needed in a more representative mouse model that expresses the full-length Huntingtin protein
Mars Base

Why Do We Sneeze? - 0 views

news.nationalgeographic.com/...neeze-health-science-sinusitis

GrabBag medical

shared by Mars Base on 16 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • When we breathe in foreign particles, sensors in our noses and sinuses detect the objects. The sensors signal the cilia—tiny, hairlike paddles that line our nostrils and sinuses—to move to expel the irritants
  • burst of air produced by a sneeze not only clears nasal passages but also triggers the cilia sensors to kick the paddles into high gear for an extended period
  • sneeze works by "resetting the system—like Control-Alt-Delete" on a PC
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Cilia—which resemble a "constantly moving shag carpet" under the microscope—propel potentially harmful material out of our lungs and either up to our nostrils to be expelled or down to our gullets, where stomach acid zaps any harmful organisms
  • People with sinusitis and genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis have trouble clearing out mucus, even though they sneeze a lot.
  • For cilia to work, they need mucus
  • contradiction
  • wonder whether sneezing has a role in getting cilia to clear out mucus—and whether that process was somehow impaired in sinusitis patients
  • puffed air on the lining—a sort of "in vitro sneeze
  • If you puff air on these cells, [their cilia] beat faster
  • from sinusitis patients
  • , the cilia did not beat faster
  • patients aren't getting the same cellular response as patients who don't have the syndrome
  • chronic inflammation or toxins in sinusitis-related bacteria may be preventing the cilia from working properly
  • Can we actually take this information and translate it into a novel therapy
  • scientists could theoretically develop nasal sprays or other topical treatments to get the cilia revved up in people with impaired mucus clearance
  • no "satisfactory treatment option" for chronic sinusitis, which affects an estimated 14 to 16 million Americans
  • usually treated with medicine and surgery to relieve the symptoms, which can include congestion, reduced smell and taste, and pain or swelling in the face
Mars Base

Neil Armstrong Dead at 82: First Man to Walk on Moon, American Icon | Space.com - 0 views

www.space.com/irst-moonwalker-apollo-11.html

scibyte60 NeilArmstrong

shared by Mars Base on 25 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Armstrong and pilot David Scott achieved the first docking of two spacecraft in orbit, linking up with an unmanned Agena target vehicle
  • was a near disaster, suffering the first critical in-space failure of a U.S. spacecraft after a stuck thruster set the Gemini spacecraft spinning
  • Armstrong ultimately regained control by using their re-entry system thrusters, steadying the spacecraft and forcing an early, but safe end to the mission
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly," Apollo 11 command module pilot Michael Collins
  • Soon after returning from the moon, Armstrong announced he would not fly in space again.
  • He resigned from NASA
  • later in 1971
Mars Base

For Neil Armstrong, the First Moon Walker, It Was All about Landing the Eagle : Scienti... - 0 views

www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm

scibyte60 NeilArmstrong

shared by Mars Base on 25 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Adjusting the lander's flight path was especially tricky; with the craft balanced on rocket thrust, changing direction required tilting the entire spacecraft slightly to one side
  • Armstrong privately concluded that they had a 90 percent chance of returning safely to Earth but only a 50–50 chance of pulling off a successful landing.
  • Under the control of the computer, the lander was heading directly for a football stadium–size crater
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Armstrong was tempted by the idea of trying to set down just shy of those boulders, which he knew would be of great interest to scientists on Earth. But they were going too fast; there were just too many rocks. Armstrong took over from the computer, steering Eagle over the giant crater and the boulder field, and flew onward, hunting for safer ground
  • it was crucial to land without any sideways motion, lest they risk tipping over at touchdown
  • The blast of the descent rocket was kicking up moon dust
  • Armstrong fixed his gaze on rocks sticking up through the blowing dust; using them as reference points
  • guided Eagle slowly downward, about as fast as an elevator
Mars Base

Treatment with fungi makes a modern violin sound like a Stradiavarius - 0 views

phys.org/...dern-violin-stradiavarius.html

scibyte62 Violin Stradivarius

shared by Mars Base on 08 Sep 12 - No Cached
  • Low density, high speed of sound and a high modulus of elasticity – these qualities are essential for ideal violin tone wood.
  • In the late 17th and early 18th century the famous violin maker Antonio Stradivari used a special wood that had grown in the cold period between 1645 and 1715
  • long winters and the cool summers, the wood grew especially slowly and evenly, creating low density and a high modulus of elasticity
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • A good violin depends not only on the expertise of the violin maker, but also on the quality of the wood that is used.
  • Swiss wood researcher
  • has succeeded in modifying the wood for a violin through treatment with special fungi
  • making it sound indistinguishably similar to a Stradivarius
  • discovered two species of fungi
  • which decay Norway spruce and sycamore – the two important kinds of wood used for violin making – to such an extent that their tonal quality is improved
  • Normally fungi reduce the density of the wood, but at the same time they unfortunately reduce the speed with which the sound waves travel through the wood
  • unique feature of these fungi is that they gradually degrade the cell walls, thus inducing a thinning of the walls
  • , a stiff scaffold structure remains via which the sound waves can still travel directly
  • the wood remains just as resistant to strain as before the fungal treatment
  • Before the wood is further processed to a violin, it is treated with ethylene oxide gas. "No fungus can survive that
  • mycowood (wood treated with wood decay fungi
  • on September 7, 2012 in
  • reported on his research and gave a preview of what his wood treatment method could mean, particularly for young violinists
  • In 2009 the violins were played in a blind, behind-the-curtain test versus a genuine Stradivarius from 1711
  • Both the jury of experts and the majority of the audience thought that the mycowood violin that Schwarze had treated with fungi for nine months was the actual Strad
  • Currently Professor Schwarze is working on an interdisciplinary project to develop a quality-controlled treatment for violin wood, with successful, reliable and reproducible results
  • cessful implementation of biotechnological methods for treating soundboard wood could in the future give young musicians the opportunity to play on a violin with the sound quality of an expensive – and for most musicians unaffordable – Stradivarius
Mars Base

Scientist: Russia's Failed Mars Moon Probe Worth a Second Try | Russia Phobos-Grunt Spa... - 0 views

www.space.com/bos-grunt-spacecraft-life.html

Phobos-Grunt

shared by Mars Base on 09 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • 08 December 2011
  • European Space Agency to resume tracking Phobos-Grunt this week, after calling off tracking last Friday (Dec. 2),
  • the probe was said to have shown signs of uncontrolled tumbling, yet reports in recent days suggest that its attitude control may now be working
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • unless Phobos-Grunt not only can be contacted, but can be made to accept commands to boost its orbit, the spacecraft will reenter the atmosphere in early January.
  • it is possible that the vibrations and tumbling that will set in as the speeding craft begins interacting significantly with mesospheric air will dislodge the vehicle's most famous component — the return capsule that was to carry a 200-gram sample from the Phobosian surface back to Earth —  sparing it a fiery death
  • the capsule might make a survivable reentry trajectory, miss the oceans, and come down on land, just as it was designed to do
Mars Base

Spaceflight Now | Atlas Launch Report | Mars Science Laboratory begins cruise to red pl... - 0 views

www.spaceflightnow.com/...av028

scibyte23 Curiosity

shared by Mars Base on 28 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • The mission got underway on time at 10:02 a.m. EST (GMT-5)
  • from launch complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
  • Atlas 5 blasted off with nearly 2 million pounds of thrust
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • Equipped with four solid-fuel strap-on boosters for additional power, the 1.2-million-pound
  • Four-and-a-half minutes after takeoff, the first stage dropped away
  • hydrogen-fueled RL10 engine at the base of the Centaur second stage ignited
  • parking orbit 11-and-a-half minutes after launch.
  • Telemetry from the rocket was spotty during a 20-minute coast to the Mars departure point
  • Earth-escape velocity of 22,500 mph
  • Mars Science Laboratory and its solar-powered interplanetary cruise stage separated from the Centaur
  • During the eight-and-a-half-month cruise to Mars
  • test the rover's instruments
  • adjust the craft's trajectory
  • tweak the control software
  • Curiosity will reach the red planet on Aug. 5
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