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Mars Base

Well-preserved mammoth carcass found in Siberia - 0 views

phys.org/...d-mammoth-carcass-siberia.html

scibyte66 mammoth

shared by Mars Base on 06 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • the carcass of a 16-year-old mammoth that was possibly killed by humans tens of thousands of years ago and was excavated on the North Siberian Taimyr peninsula in late Sept. 28, 2012
  • one of the best-preserved bodies of a grown mammoth yet found
  • excavated from the Siberian permafrost in late September near the Sopochnaya Karga cape, 3,500 kilometers (2,200 miles) northeast of Moscow.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • n named Jenya, after the 11-year-old Russian boy who found the animal's limbs sticking out of the frozen mud
  • 2 meters (6 feet 6 inches) tall and weighed 500 kilograms (1,100 pounds).
  • what killed Jenya was
  • t a missing left tusk that made him unfit for fights with other mammoths or human hunters
  • proved that the massive humps on mammoths seen on Ice Age cave paintings
  • e were not extended bones but huge chunks of fat that helped them regulate their body temperatures and survive the long, cold winters
  • , its DNA has been damaged by low temperatures and is "hardly" suitable for possible cloning
  • an earlier mammoth discovery might be able to help recreate the Ice Age elephant.
  • in early September that an international team of researchers had discovered mammoth hair, soft tissues and bone marrow some 328 feet (100 meters) underground
  • Scientists already have deciphered much of the genetic code of the woolly mammoth from balls of mammoth hair found frozen in the Siberian permafros
Mars Base

T. Rex Has Another Fine, Feathered Cousin - Science News - 0 views

www.sciencenews.org/...other_fine%2C_feathered_cousin

scibyte41 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 05 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • From 125-million-year-old rocks, scientists have unearthed the remains of a new species of extensively feathered dinosaurs that weighed up to about 1,400 kilograms and stretched 9 meters from nose to tail.
  • fossils, from one adult and two younger dinos, were unearthed in northeast China
  • region known for keeping soft tissues of ancient animals well-preserved
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • Based on the shapes of the jaw and skull bones found in the fossils, the team concluded that the three animals belonged to the same species and were tyrannosaurs
  • broader classification of two-legged meat-eaters called theropods
  • biggest of the newly described creatures — the largest extensively feathered dino known to date — was about one-quarter the weight of its relative, Tyrannosaurus rex
  • smaller dinosaur is named Yutyrannus hauli, which translates to “beautiful feathered tyrant
  • new species had feathers that were at least 15 centimeters long and look as if they covered the dinosaur’s skin
  • might have given the dinosaur a shaggy appearance
  • the full extent of this covering is difficult to confirm because the specimens aren’t complete.
  • For the vast majority of dinosaurs we only have bone. We don’t have feathers or featherless skin
  • Full-feathered dinosaurs that have been discovered so far have been much smaller
  • much more likely to lose body heat because of their size
  • scientists thought these petite creatures used a fluffy layer to stay warm
  • study authors think that the newfound dinos might have also needed some insulation
  • But Norell is not convinced
  • Many large animals that live in warm climates, such as modern giraffes and wildebeests, have external covering but don’t need it for insulation, he says.
  • feathers might also have helped the dinosaurs show off and attract mates.
  • Other traits the new dinos had include a high, bumpy nose plate, known as a midline crest
  • unclear what type of posture the animals maintained, Sullivan estimates that the full-grown dino stood about 2.5 meters tall.
Mars Base

Well-preserved strawberry-blond mammoth discovered in Siberia | Fox News - 0 views

www.foxnews.com/...-mammoth-discovered-in-siberia

scibyte41 WollyMammoth

shared by Mars Base on 04 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • juvenile mammoth, nicknamed "Yuka,"
  • found entombed in Siberian ice near the shores of the Arctic Ocean and shows signs of being cut open by ancient people.
  • remarkably well preserved frozen carcass
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • part of a BBC/Discovery Channel-funded expedition and is believed to be at least 10,000 years old, if not older
  • If further study confirms the preliminary findings, it would be the first mammoth carcass revealing signs of human interaction in the region.
  • in such good shape that much of its flesh is still intact, retaining its pink color. The blonde-red hue of Yuka's woolly coat also remains.
  • first relatively complete mammoth carcass -- that is, a body with soft tissues preserved -- to show evidence of human association
  • carbon dating is still in the works, the researchers believe Yuka died at least 10,000 years ago, but may be much older
  • The animal was about 2 ½ years old when it died.
  • appears that Yuka was pursued by one or more lions or another large field, judging from deep, unhealed scratches in the hide and bite marks on the tail
  • Yuka then apparently fell, breaking one of the lower hind legs
  • humans may have moved in to control the carcass, butchering much of the animal and removing parts that they would use immediately.
  • may, in fact, have reburied the rest of the carcass to keep it in reserve for possible later use
  • removed parts include most of the main core mass of Yuka's body, including organs, vertebrae, ribs, associated musculature, and some of the meat from upper parts of the legs
  • Kevin Campbell of the University of Manitoba also studied Yuka
  • Campbell famously published the genetic code of mammoth hemoglobin a few years ago
  • Most permafrost-preserved mammoth specimens consist solely of bones or bone fragments that currently provide little new insight into the species' biology in life
  • This extremely rare finding of a near complete specimen, like the discovery of the baby mammoth Lyuba in 2007, will be a boon to researchers as it will help them link observed phenotypes (morphological features that we can see) with genotype (DNA sequences)."
  • Such information could help reveal whether or not mammoths had all of the same hair colors that humans do
  • An intriguing and controversial application would be to bring a mammoth back to life via cloning.
  • producer and director of a forthcoming BBC/Discovery Channel show called "Woolly Mammoth"
  • told Discovery News that cloning a mammoth could take years or even decades.
Mars Base

BBC Nature - Woolly mammoth carcass may have been cut into by humans - 1 views

www.bbc.co.uk/17525070

scibyte41 WollyMammoth

shared by Mars Base on 04 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Woolly mammoth carcass
  • The discovery of a well-preserved juvenile woolly mammoth suggests that ancient humans "stole" mammoths from hunting lions, scientists say.
  • hints that humans may have taken over the kill at an early stage."
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • By analysing the teeth and tusks, the team estimate Yuka was about two and a half years old when it died.
  • Teeth, tusks and bone are the most common ways extinct animals such as mammoths are studied
  • these parts of the body take a relatively long time to decompose.
  • Soft tissues such as muscle, skin and internal organs decompose far quicker, and are very rarely found on old carcasses. This means that vital information is usually lost.
  • much of Yuka's soft tissue as well as its woolly coat has remained intact
  • Yuka provides direct evidence that mammoths did have lighter-coloured coats.
  • possibility of mammoths having lighter coat colours was proposed in 2006 after scientists studied the genes extracted solely from a mammoth bone.
  • One of the most striking things about Yuka is its strawberry-blonde hair,
  • Healed scratches found on the skin indicate a lion attack that Yuka survived earlier in its relatively short life
  • lions in question (Panthera leo spelea) are an extinct subspecies of the African lion, known commonly as Eurasian cave lions but were present at the same time as the mammoths.
  • Did we know lions hunted mammoths? Well, we guessed they did. But could we ever have expected to see such graphic evidence? No - but here it is,"
  • skull, spine, ribs and pelvis were all removed from Yuka's body
  • skull and pelvis were found nearby
  • most of the spine and three-quarters of the ribs are missing.
  • scalloped mark on the skin is made up by 15-30 small, serrations that "could be the saw-like motion of a human tool
  • Were humans using the lions to catch mammoths and then moving the lions off their kill
  • wouldn't have thought about it without seeing it [the evidence]."
  • Woolly Mammoth: Secrets from the Ice is on BBC Two at 21:00 BST on Wednesday 4 April and will be shown on the Discovery Channel in the US at a future date.
  • Mars Base on 04 Apr 12
     
    Perigrine Falcon
Mars Base

North America's Biggest Dinosaur Unearthed In New Mexico | Fox News - 1 views

www.foxnews.com/...nosaur-unearthed-in-new-mexico

scibyte25

shared by Mars Base on 09 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • North America's biggest dinosaur has been unearthed
  • it once called New Mexico home.
  • titanosaurus was documented in a recent issue of Acta Palaeontologica Polonica published on Dec. 6.
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • Alamosaurus sanjuanensis
  • A cousin of the Diplodocus
  • stumbled upon the bones during a dig in the New Mexico desert back in 2004
  • after the full bone had been freed, Fowler said the trip back to the truck was the hardest part of the entire process
  • There was only two of us out there, and it was about 1.2 miles
  • Alamosaurus vertebra that Fowler and Sullivan found puts the dinosaur in the same category as other Titanosaurus sauropods discovered in South America
  • Argentinosaurus and the Puertasaurus which both could weigh up to 80 – 100 metric tons
  • the Alamosaurus they discovered could potentially be the same size.
  • new questions have emerged as to the behavior of sauropods in North America
  • These dinosaurs are found primarily in the south, only getting as far north as Utah, leading Fowler and other researchers to wonder about their preferred environment
  • Perhaps they actually emigrated in from South America during this time, and maybe they just haven’t got as far north quite yet
Mars Base

Researchers find evidence of link between immune irregularities and autism - 0 views

medicalxpress.com/...une-irregularities-autism.html

GrabBag Autism

shared by Mars Base on 18 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • new Caltech study suggests that specific changes in an overactive immune system can contribute to autism-like behaviors in mice
  • remained unanswered
  • whether the immune changes play a causative role in the development of the disease or are merely a side effect
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • new Caltech study suggests that specific changes in an overactive immune system can indeed contribute to autism-like behaviors in mice
  • have long suspected that the immune system plays a role in the development of autism spectrum disorder
  • Several large epidemiological studies—including one that involved tracking the medical history of every person born in Denmark between 1980 and 2005—have found a correlation between viral infection during the first trimester of a mother's pregnancy and a higher risk for autism spectrum disorder in her child
  • researchers characterized the immune system of the offspring of mothers that had been infected and found that the offspring display a number of immune changes
  • Some of those changes parallel those seen in people with autism,
  • alterations add up to an immune system in overdrive—one that promotes inflammation
  • researchers were able to correct many of the autism-like behaviors in the offspring of immune-activated mothers by giving the offspring a bone-marrow transplant from typical mice
  • because the work was conducted in mice, the results cannot be readily extrapolated to humans
  • bone-marrow transplants should be considered as a treatment for autism
  • In future studies, the researchers plan to examine the effects of highly targeted anti-inflammatory treatments on mice that display autism-related behaviors and immune changes
  • also interested in considering the gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria
Mars Base

Dinosaur fossils from China help researchers describe new 'Titan' -- ScienceDaily - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...140129184853.htm

scibyte118

shared by Mars Base on 30 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • paleontologists has characterized a new dinosaur based on fossil remains found in northwestern China
  • The species, a plant-eating sauropod named Yongjinglong datangi, roamed during the Early Cretaceous period, more than 100 million years ago
  • At roughly 50-60 feet long, the Yongjinglong individual discovered was a medium-sized Titanosaur
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Anatomical evidence, however, points to it being a juvenile; adults may have been larger.
  • Until very recently, the United States was the epicenter for dinosaur diversity, but China surpassed the U.S. in 2007 in terms of species found
  • The anatomical features of the bones bear some resemblance to another Titanosaur that had been discovered by paleontologists in China in 1929
  • the team was able to identify a number of unique characteristics
  • The shoulder blade was
  • nearly 2 meters, with sides that were nearly parallel, unlike many other Titanosaurs whose scapulae bow outward
  • an unfused portion of the shoulder blade indicated to the researchers that the animal under investigation was a juvenile or subadult
  • The scapula was so long, indeed, that it did not appear to fit in the animal's body
  • if placed in a horizontal or vertical orientation
  • Instead
  • suggest the bone must have been oriented at an angle of 50 degrees from the horizontal.
  • a full-grown adult might be larger than this 50-60 foot long individual
  • The ulna and radius were well preserved, enough so that the researchers could identify grooves and ridges they believe correspond with the locations of muscle attachments in the dinosaur's leg
  • the vertebrae had large cavities in the interior that the team believes provided space for air sacs in the dinosaur's body
  • It's believed that dinosaurs, like birds, had air sacs in their trunk, abdominal cavity and neck as a way of lightening the body
  • the longest tooth they found was nearly 15 centimeters long
  • the discovery point to the fact that Titanosaurs encompass a diverse group of dinosaurs,
  • it was once thought that sauropods dominated herbivorous dinosaur fauna during the Jurassic but became almost extinct during the Cretaceous
  • n other parts of the world, particularly in South America and Asia, sauropod dinosaurs continued to flourish in the Cretaceous
Mars Base

Nearly complete 'chicken from hell,' from mysterious dinosaur group -- ScienceDaily - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...140319195817.htm

scibyte125 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 20 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Its jaws were tipped with a toothless beak, and its head sported a tall, rounded crest similar to that of a cassowary (a large ground bird native to Australia and New Guinea)
  • The neck and hind legs were long and slender, also comparable to a cassowary or ostrich
  • the forelimbs of Anzu were tipped with large, sharp claws, and the tail was long and robust. Says Dr. Lamanna, "We jokingly call this thing the 'Chicken from Hell,' and I think
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • collaborators think that caenagnathids were probably omnivores
  • that could eat either meat or plants
  • studies of the rocks in which several of the most complete caenagnathid skeletons have been found show that these strata were laid down in humid floodplain environments
  • the other has an arthritic toe bone that may have been caused by an avulsion fracture (where a tendon ripped a piece off the bone to which it was attached).
  • Whether these injuries were the result of combat between two individuals or an attack by a larger predator remains a mystery
Mars Base

Cartilage, made to order: Living human cartilage grown on lab chip -- ScienceDaily - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...140427185157.htm

scibyte128 MedicalTreatment

shared by Mars Base on 28 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • The first example of living human cartilage grown on a laboratory chip has been created by scientists
  • The researchers ultimately aim to use their innovative 3-D printing approach to create replacement cartilage
  • Osteoarthritis is marked by a gradual disintegration of cartilage, a flexible tissue that provides padding where bones come together in a joint
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • is one of the leading causes of physical disability in the United States
  • some treatments can help relieve arthritis symptoms, there is no cure. Many patients with severe arthritis ultimately require a joint replacement
  • artificial cartilage built using a patient's own stem cells could offer enormous therapeutic potential
  • replacement cartilage could also be a game-changer for people with debilitating joint injuries, such as soldiers with battlefield injuries
  • Creating artificial cartilage requires three main elements: stem cells, biological factors to make the cells grow into cartilage, and a scaffold to give the tissue its shape
  • Tuan's 3-D printing approach achieves all three by extruding thin layers of stem cells embedded in a solution that retains its shape and provides growth factors
  • The ultimate vision is to give doctors a tool they can thread through a catheter to print new cartilage right where it's needed in the patient's body
  • other researchers have experimented with 3-D printing approaches for cartilage,
  • method represents a significant step forward because it uses visible light, while others have required UV light, which can be harmful to living cells.
  • In another significant step
  • used the 3-D printing method to produce the first "tissue-on-a-chip" replica of the bone-cartilage interface
  • the chip could serve as a test-bed for researchers to learn about how osteoarthritis develops and develop new drugs
  • Housing 96 blocks of living human tissue 4 millimeters across by 8 millimeters deep
  • As a next step, the team is working to combine their 3-D printing method with a nanofiber spinning technique they developed previously
  • They hope combining the two methods will provide a more robust scaffold and allow them to create artificial cartilage that even more closely resembles natural cartilage
Mars Base

Crow-Size Pterosaur Named After 9-Year-Old Fossil Hunter -- National Geographic - 0 views

news.nationalgeographic.com/...aurs-dinosaurs-science-animals

scibyte87 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 22 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • A new species of crow-size pterosaur has been named in honor of the nine-year-old fossil hunter who discovered it
  • While exploring the U.K.'s Isle of Wight (map) in 2008, the then-five-year-old Morris came across blackened "bones sticking out of the sand
  • The Morris family brought the fossil to paleontologist Martin Simpson at the University of Southampton, who, with the help of colleagues, identified it as a new species
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • In pterosaurs, certain parts of the skeleton, especially the skull and the pelvis, are really distinct between different [species
  • The newfound creature also belonged to a group of pterosaurs called the azhdarchoids
  • All are from the Cretaceous, all are toothless, and many—perhaps all—were especially well adapted for life in terrestrial environments like woodlands, tropical forests, and floodplains
  • From the size of the pelvis
  • estimate
  • had a wingspan of about 2.5 feet (75 centimeters) and was just over a foot (35 centimeters) from snout to tail, making it about the size of a gull or large crow.
  • also inspired study co-author Simpson to write a children's book entitled Daisy and the Isle of Wight Dragon.
  • V. daisymorrisae lived in 145 to 65 million years ago
  • it probably had a head crest, was a reasonably good walker and runner on the ground, and could expertly fly through dense forests.
Mars Base

'Walking robot' allows paralyzed man to move again | Fox News - 0 views

www.foxnews.com/...ws-paralyzed-man-to-move-again

scibyte77

shared by Mars Base on 28 Dec 12 - No Cached
  • Developed by the military to allow soldiers to carry heavy weights long distances, then adapted to use with paralyzed patients, this real life "Iron Man" uses two lithium batteries, motors, computer chips and a hand-operated console.
  • available at 30 hospitals around the country so far
  • Researchers at Vanderbilt University have developed the lightest model, under 30 pounds, and expect the uses and benefits of the exoskeleton to extend to patients with stroke and many other neurological conditions.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • I began to sleep better at night
  • spasms are decreased
  • better bladder control
  • the exoskeleton is good for the skin, muscles, bones, circulation, and it decreases the risk of blood clots and wounds
  • In the absence of a cure
  • using technological devices to help them to gain mobility and to be able to better care for themselves
  • this electrically powered robot where they actually can go distances without exhausting themselves
  • one downside, and that's the cost, which is up to $140,000 for a single unit
  • as more and more patients use it and the technology is simplified, the cost is expected to come down.
Mars Base

Megapixels: Car Airbags That Could Save A Cyclist's Life | Popular Science - 0 views

www.popsci.com/...at-could-save-a-cyclists-life+

scibyte79 AirBags

shared by Mars Base on 22 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • In the United States, only 1 percent of trips are made by bicycle
  • In the Netherlands, which has only 1/18 of the U.S.’s population, that number is close to 26 percent
  • With so many bikes on the road, Dutch company
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • is working on a car airbag that deploys outside the vehicle to reduce bicyclist injuries
  • Upon impact, the airbag, housed under the hood, inflates to cover parts of the windshield and cushion a biker
  • In tests last November, engineers drove a track-guided car into a dummy on a bike at 25 mph, the average speed of a crash
  • Accelerometers in the dummy’s head and neck and pressure sensors embedded in its limbs indicated brain damage and broken bones
  • Dummies in collisions with the airbag had fewer and less severe injuries up to 45 percent of the time
Mars Base

Young Mammoth Likely Butchered by Humans : Discovery News - 0 views

news.discovery.com/...oolly-mammoth-yuka-120404.html

scibyte41 mammoth

shared by Mars Base on 05 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • possible that a ritual may have taken place involving the bones.
Mars Base

Dinosaurs may have been warm-blooded: study - 0 views

phys.org/...06-dinosaurs-warm-blooded.html

scibyte53 dinosaur

shared by Mars Base on 28 Jun 12 - No Cached
  • found evidence that dinosaurs probably had a high metabolic rate to allow fast growth -- another indicator of warm-bloodedness
  • cold-blooded, meaning they cannot control their body temperatures through their own metabolic system
  • bones of warm-blooded animals such as birds and mammals had never been properly assessed
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • found the rings in all 41 warm-blooded animal species they studied
Mars Base

Pioneering heart disease treatment - 0 views

medicalxpress.com/...8-heart-disease-treatment.html

scibyte59 GrabBag MedicalTreatment

shared by Mars Base on 16 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • Researchers at King's College London have developed the first artificial functioning blood vessel outside of the body, made from reprogrammed stem cells from human skin
  • could have real potential to treat patients with heart disease
  • by either injecting the reprogrammed cells into the leg or heart to restore blood flow or grafting an artificially developed vessel into the body to replace blocked or damaged vessels
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • could also benefit diabetic patients with poor circulation, preventing leg amputation
  • Stem cell therapy to treat heart disease is already being carried out in the clinic using bone marrow cells
  • the long-term effectiveness at the moment is minimal and some types of stem cells have the potential to become a tumour
  • a new type of partial stem cell developed from fibroblasts (skin cells) can be reprogrammed into vascular cells before going into the body, which have no risk turning into tumours.
  • The process of developing vascular cells from skin cells took two weeks
  • the next step is to test this approach in cells from patients with vascular disease
  • This is an early study and more research needs to be done into how this approach works in patients, but the aim is to be able to inject reprogrammed cells into areas of restricted blood flow, or even graft an entirely new blood vessel into a patient to treat serious cardiovascular diseases
  • This team showed they can derive so-called ‘partial pluripotent’ cells from human skin cells in just four days, and convert them directly into a type of cell that lines our blood vessels
  • Traditional methods take longer and come with an increased chance of tumours forming from the new cells
  • discovery could help lead towards future therapies to repair hearts after they are damaged by a heart attack
  • possible future regenerative treatment, these cells might also be used in drug screening to find new treatments to tackle inherited diseases
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