Cultural participation is found to have strong positive associations with a range of indicators of achievement and participation in VET and in the labour market. For the reasons set out above, it is hard to draw any conclusions from this with regard to causal relationships. Certainly, the results give no credibility to any view that participating in Indigenous culture is somehow incompatible with educational achievement. By contrast, it is argued the results for cultural identity do provide some evidence of a causal, enabling effect.