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This is a video of what a replicator is and how it works. In the far future, we can expect to have something resembling this, but much larger, in our homes and offices. The only difference is that the replicator of the future will make the items that it creates fully functional and ready to use.

In any realistic learning application, the entire instance space will be so large that any learning algorithm can expect to see only a small fraction of it during training. From this small fraction, a hypothesis must be formed that classifies all the unseen instances. If the learning algorithm performs well then most of these unseen instances should be classified correctly. However, if no restric- tions are placed on the hypothesis space and no "preference criterion" 1124] is supplied for comparing competing hypotheses, then all possible classifications of the unseen instances are equally possible and no inductive method can do better on average than random guessing [261. Hence all learning algorithms employ some mechanism whereby the space of hypotheses is restricted or whereby some hypotheses are preferred a priori over others. This is known as inductive bias I hope to use this source to learn more about how artificial intelligence learns, as I have read in other places that the kind that learns from the "bottom up" learns by making mistakes and learning from them. AI, if to be truly intelligent, is probably going to have to learn the way we did; by experience and example. In Kaku's book, he mentions the differences between two artificially intelligent robots that he "met". One, STAIR, had a limited database and was programmed to do what it did. Another, LAGR, piloted itself through a park, bumping into miscellaneous objects and learning their locations so that on the next pass, it would not hit them. I hope to learn more about that kind of logic by reading this article, as I think it is important to have a better understanding of exactly how artificial intelligence learns.

"Our basic computational element (model neuron) is often called a node or unit. It receives input from some other units, or perhaps from an external source. Each input has an associated weight w, which can be modified so as to model synaptic learning." This is a simple and brief article, but I think that a better understanding of neuroscience and how neurons work will help us to better grasp what research is being done regarding AI. This is an important research category, because if we wish to recreate ourselves on a scale of intelligence, we will need to better analyze our neural relays and systems. Apparently, according to Kaku's book, it is a very complicated endeavor that has been met so far with limited success. Hopefully, we can better understand the basics of neuron structure and function with this article.

This website offers various information on TPF, or the Terrestrial Planet Finder. This website is especially useful, for it tells you not only how the machine works but why it still is not currently in space. You will learn why this machine is so important and how it could truly help humanity in finding other life in space. This website is reliable, for it is an edited newspaper taken from various reliable sources. You can understand how the machine works and how it plans on finding other life by reading this website.

"Top-down and bottom-up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking and teaching." This article gives information about the two ways to approach artificial intelligence: top-down, which is teaching the robot all of the rules of intelligence from the beginning, and bottom-up, which is making the computer learn like a human instead of teaching it everything. This source is reliable because it cites where it got its information.

This video shows simply what graphene is, how it will be used, and its strengths for multiple industries. The major industry is how graphene will replace the silicon that goes in electronics. This material could help change the future.

This website gives some pretty cool examples on what we can do with nanotechnology, like combining certain types of atoms together to make completely different items. I know that this is a reliable source because at the bottom of the page there is a section for cites the doctor who wrote the page used, frequently asked questions, and links to books.

"What happens when machines become smarter than humans? Humans steer the future not because we're the strongest or the fastest but because we're the smartest. When machines become smarter than humans, we'll be handing them the steering wheel. What promises-and perils-will these powerful machines present?" I found this source when looking for information on the "technological singularity" predicted to come by many of Kaku's interviewees. It is difficult to find legitimate sources on this topic, but I think this one is going to be helpful. The link is not to any of their specific articles, but there are many to be explored. I recommend at least skimming some of these articles, as they will give us a more specific idea of how such a singularity would happen.

This site is from MIT, it talks about their nuclear energy program and other people's ideas. It also talks about their nuclear fusion reactor. Their reactor is the same as the one in the book, this makes it a useful site to cross reference the information in the book. This site is reliable because it comes from MIT, a university known for its science and engineering programs.

"A solar sail, simply put, is a spacecraft propelled by sunlight. Whereas a conventional rocket is propelled by the thrust produced by its internal engine burn, a solar sail is pushed forward simply by light from the Sun." This site gives great information on how solar sails work and how efficient they are. The text describes how solar sails can accelerate indefinitely. It also mentions how large they generally are. This information can be useful for certain research points and help clarify what a solar sail really is. This site is most likely reliable because websites ending in ".org" are typically reliable. It has very sound research, as well.

In this article you will learn about the specific next steps that will be implemented to extend our exploration of the solar system. We plan on using the moon as a fueling station for our rockets so that we could travel further away from the Earth. Although, unlike other articles, this one goes into more details explaining how our base would most likely be located on the South Pole of the moon, because of the hydrogen rich soil in that region that could be transformed into fuel. Next, this article talks about how NASA wants to build new spaceships called Orion crew exploration vehicles that would be three times larger in volume than their other space crafts and is flexible, reusable, and can land on land repeatedly. This article may not dive in depth of what we will see far into the future, but this article truly shows what the next step is to getting there.

"It is a real possibility -- a "space elevator" -- that researchers are considering today as a far-out space transportation system for the next century." Spacec travel is becoming a more realistic idea. This form of transportation may become widespread in the near future.

"Yes, ladies and gentlemen, welcome aboard NASA's Millennium-Two Space Elevator. Your first stop will be the Lunar-level platform before we continue on to the New Frontier Space Colony development. The entire ride will take about 5 hours, so sit back and enjoy the trip. As we rise, be sure to watch outside the window as the curvature of the Earth becomes visible and the sky changes from deep blue to black, truly one of the most breathtaking views you will ever see!" The concept of an elevator, designed to take one beyond the atmosphere of the Earth and into space, has been tossed around a while. The elevator, which is predicted to be 35,786 km in height, may be able to become a reality.

"The space elevator may be the answer." This is a quote from this article. This article is from the NASA website. It is reliable because it is from a very reliable company, NASA. This article is explaining what a space elevator is, how it works, and and what it's place will be in 2100, or sometime in the future. We can definitely use this information for making predictions about space travel in our project. I like this source because it was not just a website talking about small details in space elevator construction. This website was very detailed in explaining the science of space elevators. This shows how space elevators will become popular and normal by 2100.

This article was created by four professors and students from different universities. This goes into international education and their economies. The authors use data, graphs, and maps to explain the correlation between a country's education and its economy.

This video is a good oversight of wearable technology and it covers many points within the topic such as; water proof gear, wrist worn tech, and bulky vs sleek. This would be a great video to start out our research with because of the possibilities it lays out for us.

Nanotechnology in agriculture is a big deal, especially for us Midwest citizens. This page talks about raising crop production and treating plant-related diseases.

Dailymail.com, which is a website for people to keep up with news without having to watch it, recently wrote about what the environment may be like in the future. By 2100, the Earth's temperature could increase by four degrees celsius, putting our world into a global warming crisis. Carbon Dioxide is hurting our planet more than expected, causing our ozone to keep the heat from the sun in. The website has been giving information to the public for years now, making it somewhat reliable to us for the sake that they always have a large audience. Dr. Sherwood, a knowledgeble man in meteorology, states,"Rises in global average temperatures of this magnitude will have profound impacts on the world and the economies of many countries if we don't urgently start to curb our emissions."

This site makes some very nice points about how mass customization will affect consumers in the future. It also included several references to where they got their information from, so I am sure this is a very reliable source to use.

"In recent years the mushrooming power, functionality and ubiquity of computers and the Internet have outstripped early forecasts about technology's rate of advancement and usefulness in everyday life. Alert pundits now foresee a world saturated with powerful computer chips, which will increasingly insinuate themselves into our gadgets, dwellings, apparel and even our bodies."

Rise of robots

This page gives a great comparison between mass customization and restaurants. The author explains how restaurants who have used this kind of method when selling food and how it could extend all over the market. The page was written based off of a college for business and economics.