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Metacognition refers to awareness of one's own knowledge-what one does and doesn't know-and one's ability to understand, control, and manipulate one's cognitive processes (Meichenbaum, 1985). It includes knowing when and where to use particular strategies for learning and problem solving as well as how and why to use specific strategies. Metacognition is the ability to use prior knowledge to plan a strategy for approaching a learning task, take necessary steps to problem solve, reflect on and evaluate results, and modify one's approach as needed.

Don't tell your kids that they are smart. More than three decades of research shows that a ocus on "process"-not on intelligence or ability-is key to success in school and in life