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"Toward a "Critical Mass" Theory of Interactive Media Universal Access, Interdependence and Diffusion M. LYNNE MARKUS Abstract This article proposes a "critical mass" explanation for the diffusion of interactive media, such as telephone, paper mail systems, electronic mail, voice messaging, or computer conferencing, within communities. Interactive media have two characteristics not shared by many other innovations. First, widespread usage creates universal access, a public good that individuals cannot be prevented from enjoying even if they have not contributed to it. Second, use of interactive media entails reciprocal interdependence, in which earlier users are influenced by later users as well as vice versa. Consequently, interactive media are extremely vulnerable to start-up problems and discontinuance. Traditional explanations of diffusion of innovations do not accommodate these two properties of interactive media. The influence of these two properties on the probability and extent of interactive media diffusion within communities is the focus of the critical mass theory developed in this article."

"What is Digital Literacy? "The awareness, attitude, and ability of individuals to appropriately use digital tools and facilities to identify, access, manage, integrate, evaluate, analyze and synthesize digital resources, construct new knowledge, create media expressions, and communicate with others, in the context of specific life situations, in order to enable constructive social action; and to reflect upon this process." (Martin, 2006)"

"The tenth edition describes annual findings from the NMC Horizon Project, a decade-long research project designed to identify and describe emerging technologies likely to have an impact on learning, teaching, and creative inquiry in higher education. Six emerging technologies are identified across three adoption horizons over the next one to five years, as well as key trends and challenges expected to continue over the same period, giving campus leaders and practitioners a valuable guide for strategic technology planning."

! is book supports an emerging trend toward emphasizing the plurality of digital literacy; recognizing the advantages of understanding digital literacy as digital literacies. In the book world this trend is still marginal. In December 2007, Allan Martin and Dan Madigan's collection Digital Literacies for Learning (2006) was the only English-language book with "digital literacies" in the title to show up in a search on Amazon.com.