Note: The onshore build-out will at
least double Germany’s existing onshore wind turbine capacity, plus required
transmission systems; i.e., significant niose, environmental and visual impacts
over large areas.
Recent studies, based on measured,
real-time, 1/4-hour grid operations data sets of the Irish, Colorado and Texas
grids, show wind energy does little to reduce CO2 emissions. Such data sets
became available during the past 2 to 3 years. Prior studies, based on
assumptions, estimates, modeling scenarios, and statistics, etc., significantly
overstate CO2 reductions.
http://theenergycollective.com/willem-post/64492/wind-energy-reduces-co2-emissions-few-percent
Build-out of PV Solar
Energy: The estimated capital cost of the PV solar capacity will be
[{0.57 (all renewables) - 0.11 (assumed biomass + hydro)} x 592 TWh x
1/4]/(8,760 hr/yr x average CF 0.095) = 0.082 TW @ $4.5 trillion/TW = $369
billion. The feed in tariff subsidy, if maintained similar to existing subsidies
to attract adequate capital, will be about $250 billion.
Reorganizating Electric Grids:
For GW reasons, a self-balancing grid system is needed to minimize CO2
emissions from gas-fired CCGT balancing plants. One way to implement it is to
enhance the interconnections of the national grids with European-wide HVDC
overlay systems (owning+O&M costs, including transmission losses), and with
European-wide selective curtailment of wind energy, and with European-wide
demand management and with pumped hydro storage capacity. These measures will
reduce, but not eliminate, the need for balancing energy, at greater wind energy
penetrations during high-windspeed weather conditions, as frequently occur in
Iberia (Spain/Portugal).