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The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to invite applications for research projects designed to use sound and innovative strategies to solve specific problems and paradoxes in childhood cancer research identified by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) as the NCIs Pediatric Provocative Questions (Pediatric PQs). These problems and paradoxes framed as questions are not intended to represent the full range of NCI's priorities in childhood cancer research. Rather, they are meant to challenge cancer researchers to think about and elucidate specific problems in key areas of pediatric cancer research that are deemed important but have not received sufficient attention.

The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to invite applications for research projects designed to use sound and innovative strategies to solve specific problems and paradoxes in childhood cancer research identified by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) as the NCIs Pediatric Provocative Questions (Pediatric PQs). These problems and paradoxes framed as questions are not intended to represent the full range of NCI's priorities in childhood cancer research. Rather, they are meant to challenge cancer researchers to think about and elucidate specific problems in key areas of pediatric cancer research that are deemed important but have not received sufficient attention.

Through this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) invites applications describing research focused on improving care and health-related quality of life for childhood, and adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors. Specifically, this FOA solicits mechanistic, observational, and intervention applications that focus on six key domains: (1) disparities in survivor outcomes; (2) barriers to follow-up care (e.g. access, adherence); (3) impact of familial, socioeconomic, and other environmental factors on survivor outcomes; (4) indicators for long-term follow-up needs related to risk for late effects, recurrence, and subsequent cancers; (5) risk factors and predictors of late/long-term effects of cancer treatment; and (6) development of targeted interventions to reduce the burden of cancer for pediatric/AYA survivors.

Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation is dedicated to raising money and awareness of the causes of childhood cancer. The foundation emerged from the front-yard lemonade stand of four-year-old Alexandra "Alex" Scott, who while fighting cancer herself wanted to raise money to find cures for all children with cancer. Her spirit and determination was inspirational, and by her untimely death at the age of 8, Alex had helped raise $1 million. Today, ALSF is one of the leading funders of pediatric cancer research in the United States and Canada. To advance this mission, ALSF is inviting applications for is Young Investigator Grants program.  Through the program, a grant of up to $150,000 over three years will be awarded in support of research scientists in the early stages of their careers such as postdoctoral or clinical fellows with a commitment to pediatric cancer investigation.

Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, a nonprofit foundation that has evolved from a young cancer patient's front yard lemonade stand to a national foundation for childhood cancer, awards grants designed to fill critical voids in current pediatric cancer research. Through its Innovation Grants program, the foundation awards two-year grants of up to $250,000 in support of researchers with a novel approach to pediatric oncology investigation. This can include a change in research direction and/or an innovative new idea that moves away from an investigator's prior research but has potential impact for childhood cancers. Innovation Grants will support research proposals to be carried out by investigators who are already established, have a track record of peer-reviewed publications, and can demonstrate evidence of successfully competing for extramural funding. To be eligible, applicants must possess a degree at the MD, MD/PhD or PhD level and hold a faculty appointment at an academic institution.

REISSUE of PAR-18-733 The NIH Common Fund has established the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) to develop a pediatric research data resource populated by genome sequence and phenotype data that will be of high value for the communities of investigators who study the genetics of childhood cancers and/or structural birth defects. The overall goal of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource is to help researchers understand the underlying mechanisms of these conditions, leading to more refined diagnostic capabilities and ultimately more targeted therapies, as well as to develop an integrated pediatric research data resource by obtaining and aggregating genome sequence and phenotype data for as many relevant structural birth defects and pediatric cancer cohorts as possible and to advance research in this area through the broad sharing of these data with the research community. This FOA is intended to promote meritorious small research projects focused on the development and analyses of childhood cancer and/or structural birth defects datasets that are part of the Kids First Data Resource or could be included in the Kids First Data Resource. Development of statistical methodology appropriate for analyzing genome-wide data relevant to childhood cancer and/or structural birth defects may also be proposed.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is associated with the Beau Biden Cancer MoonshotSM Initiative that is intended to accelerate cancer research. The purpose of this FOA is to establish Centers of collaborating investigators with the goal of identifying and advancing research opportunities for translating immunotherapy concepts for children and adolescents with cancer toward clinical applications. Specifically, this FOA targets the following area designated as a scientific priority by the Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP): Recommendation (B) that calls for the establishment of a pediatric immunotherapy translational science network. The network was envisioned by the BRP as focusing on identifying new targets for immunotherapies, developing new pediatric immunotherapy treatment approaches (e.g., cancer vaccines, cellular therapy, combinations of immunotherapy agents, and others), and defining the biological mechanisms by which pediatric tumors evade the immune system. The Pediatric Immunotherapy Discovery and Development Network (PI-DDN) Centers will address and implement these BRP recommendations.

In response to The Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act ( https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2019/text), NIH, through the Common Fund, has established the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First). The Kids First program is expected to be a ten-year effort (2015 - 2024) that will build the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). The Kids First Data Resource will be populated by genomic and phenotypic data and will be of high value to the pediatric research community by facilitating data mining across diverse conditions. During the first five years of this Program, data were generated and made publicly available following sequencing of DNA, and some RNA, samples from pediatric cancer and structural birth defects cohorts as outlined on the Kids First Common Fund website at https://commonfund.nih.gov/kidsfirst. In addition to increased understanding of individual pediatric conditions, a goal of establishing the Data Resource is to enable discovery of shared pathways whose disruption may lead to structural birth defects and/or susceptibility to childhood cancer. Therefore, representation of a wide variety of pediatric cancers and structural birth defects within the Data Resource is essential. The overall goal is to help researchers understand the underlying mechanisms of disease, leading to more refined diagnostic capabilities and ultimately more targeted therapies or interventions.

The St. Baldrick's Foundation works hard to be sure that every dollar makes the biggest impact possible in childhood cancer research. The Foundation has held several Research Priorities Summits with many of the country's leading pediatric oncology researchers participating to advise the staff and board of directors on funding priorities. The St. Baldrick's team and Scientific Advisors meet regularly to be sure St. Baldrick's funds make the greatest impact on pediatric cancer research. Current funding priorities are divided into four categories: * New discovery research * Translational research and early phase clinical trials * Phase III clinical trials & infrastructure support of participating institutions (primarily the fall grant cycle) * Education of new pediatric oncology researchers In addition to research to understand the biology of childhood cancers and discover leads to more effective treatments, topics of interest include, but are not limited to: * Adolescents & young adults * Survivorship, outcomes, and quality of life * Supportive care * Epidemiology and pediatric cancer predispositions * Precision medicine * Alternative & complementary therapies

As part of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First), the NIH invites applications to submit samples from pediatric cohorts for whole genome sequencing at a Kids First-supported sequencing center. Applicants are encouraged to propose sequencing of existing pediatric cancer cohorts to elucidate the genetic contribution to childhood cancers, or to expand the range of disorders included within the Kids First Data Resource to investigate the genetic etiology of structural birth defects. Whole genome, exome, and transcriptome sequencing may be available for tumor or affected tissue when justified. These data, and associated clinical and phenotypic data, will become part of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource) for the pediatric research community.

As part of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First), the NIH invites applications to use whole genome sequencing at a Kids First-supported sequencing center to elucidate the genetic contribution to childhood cancers, and to investigate the genetic etiology of structural birth defects.These data will become part of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource) for the pediatric research community.

The purpose of this funding opportunity is to establish a program of research to advance the understanding, prevention and treatment of pediatric multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Given the prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality of MODS in children, the current lack of understanding underscores the need for more exploratory research. Possible topics of study include, but are not limited to, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, monitoring, and treatment of MODS. Studies that assess specific etiologies associated with MODS including, but not limited to, sepsis, trauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, inborn errors of metabolism, burns, cancer, transplantation and congenital heart disease are encouraged. Applications may include any appropriate study design ranging from basic science animal models through small prospective randomized controlled trials. The intent of this R21 funding initiative is to encourage exploratory and developmental research projects by providing support for the early and conceptual stages of research projects addressing these topics. These studies may incur considerable research risk in efforts to make important breakthroughs in the understanding, prevention and treatment of MODS in children. Projects of limited cost or scope that use widely accepted approaches and methods within well-established fields are better suited for the R03 small grant activity code. It is hoped that the results of this exploratory research will translate into improved clinical outcomes for children with, and at risk for MODS.

The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to promote collaborative biomedical research between the United States and Brazil under the U.S.-Brazil Biomedical Collaborative Research Program. Research areas supported under this program include allergy, immunology, and infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and its co-morbidities; cancer; mother-to-child transmission of HIV and other congenital infections, early infant diagnosis and treatment; HIV/AIDS in relation to mental health; and neurological disorders and stroke.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages research on how the healthcare delivery system enhances or inhibits the effectiveness of a provider's recommendation of the adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Characteristics of the provider, parent/patient, and clinical setting, can all affect whether a provider makes a recommendation, and whether that recommendation results in uptake of the HPV vaccine. This research requires expertise in cancer prevention, adult and childhood behavior, immunization promotion, and healthcare delivery.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages research on how the healthcare delivery system enhances or inhibits the effectiveness of a provider's recommendation of the adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Characteristics of the provider, parent/patient, and clinical setting, can all affect whether a provider makes a recommendation, and whether that recommendation results in uptake of the HPV vaccine. This research requires expertise in cancer prevention, adult and childhood behavior, immunization promotion, and healthcare delivery.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages research on how the healthcare delivery system enhances or inhibits the effectiveness of a provider's recommendation of the adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Characteristics of the provider, parent/patient, and clinical setting, can all affect whether a provider makes a recommendation, and whether that recommendation results in uptake of the HPV vaccine. This research requires expertise in cancer prevention, adult and childhood behavior, immunization promotion, and healthcare delivery.

The purpose of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to establish a program of research to advance the understanding, prevention and treatment of pediatric multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Given the prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality of MODS in children, the current lack of understanding underscores the need for more basic, exploratory and longitudinal research. Possible topics of study include, but are not limited, to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, monitoring, and treatment of MODS. Studies that assess specific etiologies associated with MODS including, but not limited to, sepsis, trauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, inborn errors of metabolism, burns, cancer, transplantation and congenital heart disease are encouraged. Applications may include any appropriate study designs ranging from basic science and animal models through prospective randomized controlled trials. It is hoped that as a result of research supported through this funding opportunity, outcomes will improve both in terms of the prevention and treatment of MODS in children.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages research on how the healthcare delivery system enhances or inhibits the effectiveness of a provider's recommendation of the adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Characteristics of the provider, parent/patient, and clinical setting, can all affect whether a provider makes a recommendation, and whether that recommendation results in uptake of the HPV vaccine. This research requires expertise in cancer prevention, adult and childhood behavior, immunization promotion, and healthcare delivery.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages research on how the healthcare delivery system enhances or inhibits the effectiveness of a provider's recommendation of the adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Characteristics of the provider, parent/patient, and clinical setting, can all affect whether a provider makes a recommendation, and whether that recommendation results in uptake of the HPV vaccine. This research requires expertise in cancer prevention, adult and childhood behavior, immunization promotion, and healthcare delivery

The purpose of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to establish a program of research to advance the understanding, prevention and treatment of pediatric multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Given the prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality of MODS in children, the current lack of understanding underscores the need for more basic, exploratory and longitudinal research. Possible topics of study include, but are not limited, to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, monitoring, and treatment of MODS. Studies that assess specific etiologies associated with MODS including, but not limited to, sepsis, trauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, inborn errors of metabolism, burns, cancer, transplantation and congenital heart disease are encouraged. Applications may include any appropriate study designs ranging from basic science and animal models through prospective randomized controlled trials. It is hoped that as a result of research supported through this funding opportunity, outcomes will improve both in terms of the prevention and treatment of MODS in children.