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In keeping with the Spencer Foundation's mission, this program aims to fund academic work that will contribute to the improvement of education, broadly conceived. Historically, the work we have funded through these grants has spanned, a range of topics and disciplines, including education, psychology, sociology, economics, history, and anthropology, and they employ a wide range of research methods.

The Fellowships for Advanced Social Science Research on Japan program is a joint activity of the Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission (JUSFC) and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Awards support research on modern Japanese society and political economy, Japan's international relations, and U.S.-Japan relations. The program encourages innovative research that puts these subjects in wider regional and global contexts and is comparative and contemporary in nature. Research should contribute to scholarly knowledge or to the general public's understanding of issues of concern to Japan and the United States.

The National Academy of Education advances high-quality education research and its use in policy formation and practice. Founded in 1965, the academy comprises United States members and foreign associates who are elected on the basis of outstanding scholarship related to education. Since its establishment, NAEd has undertaken research studies that address pressing issues in education typically conducted by members and other scholars with relevant expertise.

Through its Science of Hope and Optimism Funding Initiative program, the association will award two-year grants of up to $250,000 for research projects that use a variety of methods to explore the nature of hope and optimism. Priority will be given to projects in cognitive, developmental, personality, health, and social psychology, as well as sociology. Interdisciplinary teams that include members from cognate areas - e.g., cognitive science, anthropology, nursing, and biology - are encouraged.

The Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy was established in 1997 to support the advancement of research and understanding in the major fields of the social sciences, which include psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, urban affairs, area studies, political science, and other disciplines.

There are no limitations on the disciplinary background of the principal investigator, and the proposed research may address any topic in behavioral economics. However, projects must contribute to the Foundation's mission to improve the social and living conditions in the U.S. Appropriate projects will demonstrate explicit use of psychological concepts in the motivation of the research design and the preparation of the results.

The Sociological Initiatives Foundation was established to support research that furthers social change, including language learning and behavior and its intersection with social and policy questions. The foundation supports projects that address institutional rather than individual or behavioral change, as well as initiatives that provide insight into sociological and linguistic issues that can be useful to specific groups and/or communities.

Historically, grants through the program have supported research projects on a range of topics and disciplines, including education, psychology, sociology, economics, history, and anthropology; they also employ a wide range of research methods. Examples of recently funded projects include an experimental study of how college students use visual representations in solving math problems; a study exploring the process of racial and rural identity formation among African American high-school students who attend de facto segregated schools in the rural South; and a mixed-methods study focusing on the different types of knowledge novice and experienced teachers draw on in teaching for reading comprehension.

The Spencer Foundation was established in 1962 to investigate ways in which education, broadly conceived, can be improved around the world. From the first, the foundation has been dedicated to the belief that research is necessary to improvement in education. To that end, the foundation is committed to supporting high-quality investigation through its research programs and to strengthening and renewing the educational research community through its fellowship and training programs and related activities.