Tools: The Fossil Record, Aging the Ages, and Molecular Clocks By age three, you probably knew that dinosaurs are part of the history of life. Our understanding of where they belong in the tale is relatively recent, but “dragon bones” have been known for thousands of years in China and Europe. Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms that provide extremely rare but vivid windows to the past. Because most parts of organisms decompose rapidly following death, fossilization is an exceptionally uncommon occurrence, and usually preserves only hard body parts, shown in Figure below. Remains must be covered by sediment almost immediately. Buried organisms may experience mineralization (occasionally even within cells), or they may decay, leaving a space within the sediment later replaced with rock. Alternative pathways to fossilization include freezing, drying, trapping in resin (amber) or burial in anoxic (oxygen-free) environments. Trace fossils preserve footprints, burrows, droppings, eggs, nests, and other types of impressions. Overall, a great variety of types of fossils reveal the history of life, shown in Figure below.
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