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problem-solving was a vehicle for studying the deep content issues in their discipline

a problem's solution is much less difficult if it has been well posed.

problem-posing and problem-solving activities are inseparable

problem-solving in science education "realistic" when it captures the open-ended essence of science as it is practiced: problems must be both posed and solved by the problem-solver. In contrast, most general biology courses are taught with "unrealistic" problems that: come pre-posed, have unique answers arrived at unambiguously, and are checked for correctness by an authority.

without the ability to refer to an authority, teacher and student must collaborate to arrive at a solution with which they are satisfied.

criticized realistic laboratory simulations like GCK as "too complex."