Group items tagged

the filter bubble is invisible

from within the bubble, it's nearly impossible to see how biased it is

you don't choose to enter the bubble

the filter bubble can affect your ability to choose how you want to live. To be the author of your life, professor Yochai Benkler argues, you have to be aware of a diverse array of options and lifestyles. When you enter a filter bubble, you're letting the companies that construct it choose which options you're aware of

You can get stuck in a static, ever- narrowing version of yourself – an endless you-loop.

Bowling Alone, his book on the decline of civic life in America, Robert Putnam

major decrease in "social capital" – the bonds of trust and allegiance that encourage people to do each other favours

our virtual neighbours look more and more like our real-world neighbours, and our real-world neighbours look more and more like us.

We're getting a lot of bonding but very little bridging

It's easy to push "Like" and increase the visibility of a friend's post about finishing a marathon or an instructional article about how to make onion soup. It's harder to push the "Like" button on an article titled "Darfur sees bloodiest month in two years".

"It's a civic virtue to be exposed to things that appear to be outside your interest," technology journalist Clive Thompson told me.

With Google personalised for everyone, the query "stem cells" might produce diametrically opposed results for scientists who support stem-cell research and activists who oppose it.

Starting that morning, Google would use 57 signals – everything from where you were logging in from to what browser you were using to what you had searched for before – to make guesses about who you were and what kinds of sites you'd like. Even if you were logged out, it would customise its results, showing you the pages it predicted you were most likely to click on.

More and more, your computer monitor is a kind of one-way mirror, reflecting your own interests while algorithmic observers watch what you click.

on 4 December 2009 the era of personalisation began

What was once an anonymous medium where anyone could be anyone – where, in the words of the famous New Yorker cartoon, nobody knows you're a dog – is now a tool for soliciting and analysing our personal data.

"You're getting a free service, and the cost is information about you. And Google and Facebook translate that pretty directly into money."

Acxiom alone has accumulated an average of 1,500 pieces of data on each person on its database – which includes 96% of Americans – along with data about everything from their credit scores to whether they've bought medication for incontinence.

Erasmus, in his 1512 textbook De Copia, stressed the connection between memory and reading. He urged students to annotate their books

He also suggested that every student and teacher keep a notebook, organized by subject, “so that whenever he lights on anything worth noting down, he may write it in the appropriate section.”

kinds of flowers

To him, memorizing was far more than a means of storage

Far from being a mechanical, mindless process, Erasmus’s brand of memorization engaged the mind fully

“We should imitate bees,” Seneca wrote, “and we should keep in separate compartments whatever we have collected from our diverse reading, for things conserved separately keep better. Then, diligently applying all the resources of our native talent, we should mingle all the various nectars we have tasted, and then turn them into a single sweet substance, in such a way that, even if it is apparent where it originated, it appears quite different from what it was in its original state.”

Memory, for Seneca as for Erasmus, was as much a crucible as a container.

“commonplace books,”

Francis Bacon

“a gentleman’s commonplace book” served “both as a vehicle for and a chronicle of his intellectual development.”

The arrival of the limitless and easily searchable data banks of the Internet brought a further shift, not just in the way we view memorization but in the way we view memory itself.

Clive Thompson, the Wired writer, refers to the Net as an “outboard brain”

David Brooks

“I had thought that the magic of the information age was that it allowed us to know more,” he writes, “but then I realized the magic of the information age is that it allows us to know less. It provides us with external cognitive servants—silicon memory systems, collaborative online filters, consumer preference algorithms and networked knowledge. We can burden these servants and liberate ourselves.”

Peter Suderman

“it’s no longer terribly efficient to use our brains to store information.”

“Why memorize the content of a single book when you could be using your brain to hold a quick guide to an entire library? Rather than memorize information, we now store it digitally and just remember what we stored.”

Don Tapscott, the technology writer, puts it more bluntly. Now that we can look up anything “with a click on Google,” he says, “memorizing long passages or historical facts” is obsolete.

When, in an 1892 lecture before a group of teachers, William James declared that “the art of remembering is the art of thinking,” he was stating the obvious.

Nos organes physiologiques n’évoluent pas indépendamment de nos organes techniques et sociaux”, rappelle Christian Fauré. Dans cette configuration entre 3 organes qui se surdéterminent les uns les autres, le processus d’hominisation semble de plus en plus porté, “transporté” par l’organe technique. Car dans un contexte d’innovation permanente, le processus d’hominisation, ce qui nous transforme en hommes, est de plus en plus indexé par l’évolution de nos organes techniques

L’écriture a longtemps été notre principal organe technique. Parce qu’elle est mnémotechnique, elle garde et conserve la mémoire. Par son statut, par les interfaces de publication, elle rend public pour nous-mêmes et les autres et distingue le domaine privé et le domaine public. Or l’évolution actuelle des interfaces d’écriture réagence sans arrêt la frontière entre le privé et le public. Avec le numérique, les interfaces de lecture et d’écriture ne cessent de générer de la confusion entre destinataire et destinateur, entre ce qui est privé et ce qui est public, une distinction qui est pourtant le fondement même de la démocratie, via l’écriture publique de la loi. Avec le numérique, on ne sait plus précisément qui voit ce que je publie… ni pourquoi on voit les messages d’autrui.

La question qui écrit à qui est devenue abyssale, car, avec le numérique, nous sommes passés de l’écriture avec les machines à l’écriture pour les machines. L’industrie numérique est devenue une industrie de la langue, comme le soulignait Frédéric Kaplan. Et cette industrialisation se fait non plus via des interfaces homme-machine mais via de nouvelles interfaces, produites par et pour les machines, dont la principale est l’API, l’interface de programmation, qui permet aux logiciels de s’interfacer avec d’autres logiciels.

Le monde industriel va déjà plus loin que le langage, rappelle Christian Fauré sur la scène des Entretiens du Nouveau Monde industriel. “Nous n’écrivons plus. Nous écrivons sans écrire, comme le montre Facebook qui informe nos profils et nos réseaux sociaux sans que nous n’ayons plus à écrire sur nos murs. Nos organes numériques nous permettent d’écrire automatiquement, sans nécessiter plus aucune compétence particulière. Et c’est encore plus vrai à l’heure de la captation de données comportementales et corporelles. Nos profils sont renseignés par des cookies que nos appareils techniques écrivent à notre place. Nous nous appareillons de capteurs et d’API “qui font parler nos organes”. Les interfaces digitales auxquelles nous nous connectons ne sont plus des claviers ou des écrans tactiles… mais des capteurs et des données.”

Google et Intel notamment investissent le champ des API neuronales et cherchent à créer un interfaçage direct entre le cerveau et le serveur. Le document n’est plus l’interface. Nous sommes l’interface ! “Que deviennent la démocratie et la Res Publica quand les données s’écrivent automatiquement, sans passer par le langage ? Quand la distinction entre le public et le privé disparaît ? Alors que jusqu’à présent, la compétence technique de la lecture et de l’écriture était la condition de la citoyenneté”, interroge Christian Fauré.