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The upgrade procedure on control plane nodes should be executed one node at a time.

Manually upgrade your CNI provider plugin.

sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl restart kubelet

If kubeadm upgrade fails and does not roll back, for example because of an unexpected shutdown during execution, you can run kubeadm upgrade again.

To recover from a bad state, you can also run kubeadm upgrade apply --force without changing the version that your cluster is running.

kubeadm-backup-etcd contains a backup of the local etcd member data for this control plane Node.

the contents of this folder can be manually restored in /var/lib/etcd

kubeadm-backup-manifests contains a backup of the static Pod manifest files for this control plane Node.

the contents of this folder can be manually restored in /etc/kubernetes/manifests

Enforces the version skew policies.

Upgrades the control plane components or rollbacks if any of them fails to come up.

一句话形容下Loki就是like Prometheus, but for logs。

Promtail是一个日志收集的代理，它会将本地日志的内容发送到一个Loki实例，它通常部署到需要监视应用程序的每台机器/容器上。Promtail主要是用来发现目标、将标签附加到日志流以及将日志推送到Loki。

Loki中的日志带有一组标签名和值，其中只有标签对被索引，这种权衡使得它比完整索引的操作成本更低，但是针对基于内容的查询，需要通过LogQL再单独查询。

和Fluentd相比，Promtail是专门为Loki量身定制的，它可以为运行在同一节点上的Kubernetes Pods做服务发现，从指定文件夹读取日志。

亚马逊云科技也提供了Grafana和Prometheus的托管服务Amazon Managed Service for Grafana（AMG）和Amazon Managed Service for Prometheus（AMP）

You can use role-based access control (RBAC) and other security mechanisms to make sure that users and workloads can get access to the resources they need, while keeping workloads, and the cluster itself, secure. You can set limits on the resources that users and workloads can access by managing policies and container resources.

you need to plan how to scale to relieve increased pressure from more requests to the control plane and worker nodes or scale down to reduce unused resources.

Managed control plane: Let the provider manage the scale and availability of the cluster's control plane, as well as handle patches and upgrades.

The simplest Kubernetes cluster has the entire control plane and worker node services running on the same machine.

You can deploy a control plane using tools such as kubeadm, kops, and kubespray.

Secure communications between control plane services are implemented using certificates.

Separate and backup etcd service: The etcd services can either run on the same machines as other control plane services or run on separate machines

Create multiple control plane systems: For high availability, the control plane should not be limited to a single machine

Some deployment tools set up Raft consensus algorithm to do leader election of Kubernetes services. If the primary goes away, another service elects itself and take over.

Groups of zones are referred to as regions.

if you installed with kubeadm, there are instructions to help you with Certificate Management and Upgrading kubeadm clusters.

Production-quality workloads need to be resilient and anything they rely on needs to be resilient (such as CoreDNS).

Add nodes to the cluster: If you are managing your own cluster you can add nodes by setting up your own machines and either adding them manually or having them register themselves to the cluster’s apiserver.

Set up node health checks: For important workloads, you want to make sure that the nodes and pods running on those nodes are healthy.

Authentication: The apiserver can authenticate users using client certificates, bearer tokens, an authenticating proxy, or HTTP basic auth.

Authorization: When you set out to authorize your regular users, you will probably choose between RBAC and ABAC authorization.

Role-based access control (RBAC): Lets you assign access to your cluster by allowing specific sets of permissions to authenticated users. Permissions can be assigned for a specific namespace (Role) or across the entire cluster (ClusterRole).

Attribute-based access control (ABAC): Lets you create policies based on resource attributes in the cluster and will allow or deny access based on those attributes.

Set limits on workload resources

Set namespace limits: Set per-namespace quotas on things like memory and CPU

Prepare for DNS demand: If you expect workloads to massively scale up, your DNS service must be ready to scale up as well.