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張 旭

Helm | - 0 views

  • Helm is a tool for managing Kubernetes packages called charts
  • Install and uninstall charts into an existing Kubernetes cluster
  • The chart is a bundle of information necessary to create an instance of a Kubernetes application.
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  • The config contains configuration information that can be merged into a packaged chart to create a releasable object.
  • A release is a running instance of a chart, combined with a specific config.
  • The Helm Client is a command-line client for end users.
  • Interacting with the Tiller server
  • The Tiller Server is an in-cluster server that interacts with the Helm client, and interfaces with the Kubernetes API server.
  • Combining a chart and configuration to build a release
  • Installing charts into Kubernetes, and then tracking the subsequent release
  • the client is responsible for managing charts, and the server is responsible for managing releases.
  • The Helm client is written in the Go programming language, and uses the gRPC protocol suite to interact with the Tiller server.
  • The Tiller server is also written in Go. It provides a gRPC server to connect with the client, and it uses the Kubernetes client library to communicate with Kubernetes.
  • The Tiller server stores information in ConfigMaps located inside of Kubernetes.
  • Configuration files are, when possible, written in YAML.
  •  
    "Helm is a tool for managing Kubernetes packages called charts"
張 旭

Ansible Tower vs Ansible AWX for Automation - 4sysops - 0 views

  • you can run Ansible freely by downloading the module and running configurations and playbooks from the command line.
  • AWX Project from Red Hat. It provides an open-source version of Ansible Tower that may suit the needs of Tower functionality in many environments.
  • Ansible Tower may be the more familiar option for Ansible users as it is the commercial GUI Ansible tool that provides the officially supported GUI interface, API access, role-based access, scheduling, notifications, and other nice features that allow businesses to manage environments easily with Ansible.
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  • Ansible AWX is the open-sourced project that was the foundation on which Ansible Tower was created. With this being said, Ansible AWX is a development branch of code that only undergoes minimal testing and quality engineering testing.
  • Ansible AWX is a powerful open-source, freely available project for testing or using Ansible AWX in a lab, development, or other POC environment.
  • to use an external PostgreSQL database, please note that the minimum version is 9.6+
  • Full enterprise features and functionality of Tower
  • Not limited to 10 nodes
張 旭

鳥哥的 Linux 私房菜 -- 第零章、計算機概論 - 0 views

  • 但因為 CPU 的運算速度比其他的設備都要來的快,又為了要滿足 FSB 的頻率,因此廠商就在 CPU 內部再進行加速, 於是就有所謂的外頻與倍頻了。
  • 中央處理器 (Central Processing Unit, CPU),CPU 為一個具有特定功能的晶片, 裡頭含有微指令集,如果你想要讓主機進行什麼特異的功能,就得要參考這顆 CPU 是否有相關內建的微指令集才可以。
  • CPU 內又可分為兩個主要的單元,分別是: 算數邏輯單元與控制單元。
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  • CPU 讀取的資料都是從主記憶體來的! 主記憶體內的資料則是從輸入單元所傳輸進來!而 CPU 處理完畢的資料也必須要先寫回主記憶體中,最後資料才從主記憶體傳輸到輸出單元。
  • 重點在於 CPU 與主記憶體。 特別要看的是實線部分的傳輸方向,基本上資料都是流經過主記憶體再轉出去的!
  • CPU 實際要處理的資料則完全來自於主記憶體 (不管是程式還是一般文件資料)!這是個很重要的概念喔! 這也是為什麼當你的記憶體不足時,系統的效能就很糟糕!
  • 常見到的兩種主要 CPU 架構, 分別是:精簡指令集 (RISC) 與複雜指令集 (CISC) 系統。
  • 微指令集較為精簡,每個指令的執行時間都很短,完成的動作也很單純,指令的執行效能較佳; 但是若要做複雜的事情,就要由多個指令來完成。
  • CISC在微指令集的每個小指令可以執行一些較低階的硬體操作,指令數目多而且複雜, 每條指令的長度並不相同。因為指令執行較為複雜所以每條指令花費的時間較長, 但每條個別指令可以處理的工作較為豐富。
  • 多媒體微指令集:MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4, AMD-3DNow! 虛擬化微指令集:Intel-VT, AMD-SVM 省電功能:Intel-SpeedStep, AMD-PowerNow! 64/32位元相容技術:AMD-AMD64, Intel-EM64T
  • 若光以效能來說,目前的個人電腦效能已經夠快了,甚至已經比工作站等級以上的電腦運算速度還要快! 但是工作站電腦強調的是穩定不當機,並且運算過程要完全正確,因此工作站以上等級的電腦在設計時的考量與個人電腦並不相同啦
  • 1 Byte = 8 bits
  • 檔案容量使用的是二進位的方式,所以 1 GBytes 的檔案大小實際上為:1024x1024x1024 Bytes 這麼大! 速度單位則常使用十進位,例如 1GHz 就是 1000x1000x1000 Hz 的意思。
  • CPU的運算速度常使用 MHz 或者是 GHz 之類的單位,這個 Hz 其實就是秒分之一
  • 在網路傳輸方面,由於網路使用的是 bit 為單位,因此網路常使用的單位為 Mbps 是 Mbits per second,亦即是每秒多少 Mbit
  • (1)北橋:負責連結速度較快的CPU、主記憶體與顯示卡界面等元件
  • (2)南橋:負責連接速度較慢的裝置介面, 包括硬碟、USB、網路卡等等
  • CPU內部含有微指令集,不同的微指令集會導致CPU工作效率的優劣
  • 時脈就是CPU每秒鐘可以進行的工作次數。 所以時脈越高表示這顆CPU單位時間內可以作更多的事情。
  • 早期的 CPU 架構主要透過北橋來連結系統最重要的 CPU、主記憶體與顯示卡裝置。因為所有的設備都得掉透過北橋來連結,因此每個設備的工作頻率應該要相同。
  • 前端匯流排 (FSB)
  • 外頻指的是CPU與外部元件進行資料傳輸時的速度
  • 倍頻則是 CPU 內部用來加速工作效能的一個倍數
  • 新的 CPU 設計中, 已經將記憶體控制器整合到 CPU 內部,而連結 CPU 與記憶體、顯示卡的控制器的設計,在Intel部份使用 QPI (Quick Path Interconnect) 與 DMI 技術,而 AMD 部份則使用 Hyper Transport 了,這些技術都可以讓 CPU 直接與主記憶體、顯示卡等設備分別進行溝通,而不需要透過外部的連結晶片了。
  • 如何知道主記憶體能提供的資料量呢?此時還是得要藉由 CPU 內的記憶體控制晶片與主記憶體間的傳輸速度『前端匯流排速度(Front Side Bus, FSB)
  • 主記憶體也是有其工作的時脈,這個時脈限制還是來自於 CPU 內的記憶體控制器所決定的。
  • CPU每次能夠處理的資料量稱為字組大小(word size), 字組大小依據CPU的設計而有32位元與64位元。我們現在所稱的電腦是32或64位元主要是依據這個 CPU解析的字組大小而來的
  • 早期的32位元CPU中,因為CPU每次能夠解析的資料量有限, 因此由主記憶體傳來的資料量就有所限制了。這也導致32位元的CPU最多只能支援最大到4GBytes的記憶體。
  • 在每一個 CPU 內部將重要的暫存器 (register) 分成兩群, 而讓程序分別使用這兩群暫存器。
  • 可以有兩個程序『同時競爭 CPU 的運算單元』,而非透過作業系統的多工切換!
  • 大多發現 HT 雖然可以提昇效能,不過,有些情況下卻可能導致效能降低喔!因為,實際上明明就僅有一個運算單元
  • 個人電腦的主記憶體主要元件為動態隨機存取記憶體(Dynamic Random Access Memory, DRAM), 隨機存取記憶體只有在通電時才能記錄與使用,斷電後資料就消失了。因此我們也稱這種RAM為揮發性記憶體。
  • 要啟用雙通道的功能你必須要安插兩支(或四支)主記憶體,這兩支記憶體最好連型號都一模一樣比較好, 這是因為啟動雙通道記憶體功能時,資料是同步寫入/讀出這一對主記憶體中,如此才能夠提升整體的頻寬啊!
  • 第二層快取(L2 cache)整合到CPU內部,因此這個L2記憶體的速度必須要CPU時脈相同。 使用DRAM是無法達到這個時脈速度的,此時就需要靜態隨機存取記憶體(Static Random Access Memory, SRAM)的幫忙了。
  • BIOS(Basic Input Output System)是一套程式,這套程式是寫死到主機板上面的一個記憶體晶片中, 這個記憶體晶片在沒有通電時也能夠將資料記錄下來,那就是唯讀記憶體(Read Only Memory, ROM)。
  • BIOS對於個人電腦來說是非常重要的, 因為他是系統在開機的時候首先會去讀取的一個小程式
  • 由於磁碟盤是圓的,並且透過機器手臂去讀寫資料,磁碟盤要轉動才能夠讓機器手臂讀寫。因此,通常資料寫入當然就是以圓圈轉圈的方式讀寫囉! 所以,當初設計就是在類似磁碟盤同心圓上面切出一個一個的小區塊,這些小區塊整合成一個圓形,讓機器手臂上的讀寫頭去存取。 這個小區塊就是磁碟的最小物理儲存單位,稱之為磁區 (sector),那同一個同心圓的磁區組合成的圓就是所謂的磁軌(track)。 由於磁碟裡面可能會有多個磁碟盤,因此在所有磁碟盤上面的同一個磁軌可以組合成所謂的磁柱 (cylinder)。
  • 原本硬碟的磁區都是設計成 512byte 的容量,但因為近期以來硬碟的容量越來越大,為了減少資料量的拆解,所以新的高容量硬碟已經有 4Kbyte 的磁區設計
  • 拿快閃記憶體去製作成高容量的設備,這些設備的連接界面也是透過 SATA 或 SAS,而且外型還做的跟傳統磁碟一樣
  • 固態硬碟最大的好處是,它沒有馬達不需要轉動,而是透過記憶體直接讀寫的特性,因此除了沒資料延遲且快速之外,還很省電
  • 硬碟主要是利用主軸馬達轉動磁碟盤來存取,因此轉速的快慢會影響到效能
  • 使用作業系統的正常關機方式,才能夠有比較好的硬碟保養啊!因為他會讓硬碟的機械手臂歸回原位啊!
  • I/O位址有點類似每個裝置的門牌號碼,每個裝置都有他自己的位址,一般來說,不能有兩個裝置使用同一個I/O位址, 否則系統就會不曉得該如何運作這兩個裝置了。
  • IRQ就可以想成是各個門牌連接到郵件中心(CPU)的專門路徑囉! 各裝置可以透過IRQ中斷通道來告知CPU該裝置的工作情況,以方便CPU進行工作分配的任務。
  • BIOS為寫入到主機板上某一塊 flash 或 EEPROM 的程式,他可以在開機的時候執行,以載入CMOS當中的參數, 並嘗試呼叫儲存裝置中的開機程式,進一步進入作業系統當中。
  • 電腦都只有記錄0/1而已,甚至記錄的資料都是使用byte/bit等單位來記錄的
  • 常用的英文編碼表為ASCII系統,這個編碼系統中, 每個符號(英文、數字或符號等)都會佔用1bytes的記錄, 因此總共會有28=256種變化
  • 中文字當中的編碼系統早期最常用的就是big5這個編碼表了。 每個中文字會佔用2bytes,理論上最多可以有216=65536,亦即最多可達6萬多個中文字。
  • 國際組織ISO/IEC跳出來制訂了所謂的Unicode編碼系統, 我們常常稱呼的UTF8或萬國碼的編碼
  • CPU其實是具有微指令集的。因此,我們需要CPU幫忙工作時,就得要參考微指令集的內容, 然後撰寫讓CPU讀的懂的指令碼給CPU執行,這樣就能夠讓CPU運作了。
  • 編譯器』來將這些人類能夠寫的程式語言轉譯成為機器能看懂得機器碼
  • 當你需要將運作的資料寫入記憶體中,你就得要自行分配一個記憶體區塊出來讓自己的資料能夠填上去, 所以你還得要瞭解到記憶體的位址是如何定位的,啊!眼淚還是不知不覺的流了下來... 怎麼寫程式這麼麻煩啊!
  • 作業系統(Operating System, OS)其實也是一組程式, 這組程式的重點在於管理電腦的所有活動以及驅動系統中的所有硬體。
  • 作業系統的功能就是讓CPU可以開始判斷邏輯與運算數值、 讓主記憶體可以開始載入/讀出資料與程式碼、讓硬碟可以開始被存取、讓網路卡可以開始傳輸資料、 讓所有周邊可以開始運轉等等。
  • 只有核心有提供的功能,你的電腦系統才能幫你完成!舉例來說,你的核心並不支援TCP/IP的網路協定, 那麼無論你購買了什麼樣的網卡,這個核心都無法提供網路能力的!
  • 核心程式所放置到記憶體當中的區塊是受保護的! 並且開機後就一直常駐在記憶體當中。
  • 作業系統通常會提供一整組的開發介面給工程師來開發軟體! 工程師只要遵守該開發介面那就很容易開發軟體了!
  • 系統呼叫介面(System call interface)
  • 程序管理(Process control)
  • 記憶體管理(Memory management)
  • 檔案系統管理(Filesystem management)
  • 通常核心會提供虛擬記憶體的功能,當記憶體不足時可以提供記憶體置換(swap)的功能
  • 裝置的驅動(Device drivers)
  • 『可載入模組』功能,可以將驅動程式編輯成模組,就不需要重新的編譯核心
  • 驅動程式可以說是作業系統裡面相當重要的一環
  • 作業系統通常會提供一個開發介面給硬體開發商, 讓他們可以根據這個介面設計可以驅動他們硬體的『驅動程式』,如此一來,只要使用者安裝驅動程式後, 自然就可以在他們的作業系統上面驅動這塊顯示卡了。
  •  
    "但因為 CPU 的運算速度比其他的設備都要來的快,又為了要滿足 FSB 的頻率,因此廠商就在 CPU 內部再進行加速, 於是就有所謂的外頻與倍頻了。"
張 旭

LXC vs Docker: Why Docker is Better | UpGuard - 0 views

  • LXC (LinuX Containers) is a OS-level virtualization technology that allows creation and running of multiple isolated Linux virtual environments (VE) on a single control host.
  • Docker, previously called dotCloud, was started as a side project and only open-sourced in 2013. It is really an extension of LXC’s capabilities.
  • run processes in isolation.
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  • Docker is developed in the Go language and utilizes LXC, cgroups, and the Linux kernel itself. Since it’s based on LXC, a Docker container does not include a separate operating system; instead it relies on the operating system’s own functionality as provided by the underlying infrastructure.
  • Docker acts as a portable container engine, packaging the application and all its dependencies in a virtual container that can run on any Linux server.
  • a VE there is no preloaded emulation manager software as in a VM.
  • In a VE, the application (or OS) is spawned in a container and runs with no added overhead, except for a usually minuscule VE initialization process.
  • LXC will boast bare metal performance characteristics because it only packages the needed applications.
  • the OS is also just another application that can be packaged too.
  • a VM, which packages the entire OS and machine setup, including hard drive, virtual processors and network interfaces. The resulting bloated mass usually takes a long time to boot and consumes a lot of CPU and RAM.
  • don’t offer some other neat features of VM’s such as IaaS setups and live migration.
  • LXC as supercharged chroot on Linux. It allows you to not only isolate applications, but even the entire OS.
  • Libvirt, which allows the use of containers through the LXC driver by connecting to 'lxc:///'.
  • 'LXC', is not compatible with libvirt, but is more flexible with more userspace tools.
  • Portable deployment across machines
  • Versioning: Docker includes git-like capabilities for tracking successive versions of a container
  • Component reuse: Docker allows building or stacking of already created packages.
  • Shared libraries: There is already a public registry (http://index.docker.io/ ) where thousands have already uploaded the useful containers they have created.
  • Docker taking the devops world by storm since its launch back in 2013.
  • LXC, while older, has not been as popular with developers as Docker has proven to be
  • LXC having a focus on sys admins that’s similar to what solutions like the Solaris operating system, with its Solaris Zones, Linux OpenVZ, and FreeBSD, with its BSD Jails virtualization system
  • it started out being built on top of LXC, Docker later moved beyond LXC containers to its own execution environment called libcontainer.
  • Unlike LXC, which launches an operating system init for each container, Docker provides one OS environment, supplied by the Docker Engine
  • LXC tooling sticks close to what system administrators running bare metal servers are used to
  • The LXC command line provides essential commands that cover routine management tasks, including the creation, launch, and deletion of LXC containers.
  • Docker containers aim to be even lighter weight in order to support the fast, highly scalable, deployment of applications with microservice architecture.
  • With backing from Canonical, LXC and LXD have an ecosystem tightly bound to the rest of the open source Linux community.
  • Docker Swarm
  • Docker Trusted Registry
  • Docker Compose
  • Docker Machine
  • Kubernetes facilitates the deployment of containers in your data center by representing a cluster of servers as a single system.
  • Swarm is Docker’s clustering, scheduling and orchestration tool for managing a cluster of Docker hosts. 
  • rkt is a security minded container engine that uses KVM for VM-based isolation and packs other enhanced security features. 
  • Apache Mesos can run different kinds of distributed jobs, including containers. 
  • Elastic Container Service is Amazon’s service for running and orchestrating containerized applications on AWS
  • LXC offers the advantages of a VE on Linux, mainly the ability to isolate your own private workloads from one another. It is a cheaper and faster solution to implement than a VM, but doing so requires a bit of extra learning and expertise.
  • Docker is a significant improvement of LXC’s capabilities.
張 旭

Introducing the MinIO Operator and Operator Console - 0 views

  • Object-storage-as-a-service is a game changer for IT.
  • provision multi-tenant object storage as a service.
  • have the skill set to create, deploy, tune, scale and manage modern, application oriented object storage using Kubernetes
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  • MinIO is purpose-built to take full advantage of the Kubernetes architecture.
  • MinIO and Kubernetes work together to simplify infrastructure management, providing a way to manage object storage infrastructure within the Kubernetes toolset.  
  • The operator pattern extends Kubernetes's familiar declarative API model with custom resource definitions (CRDs) to perform common operations like resource orchestration, non-disruptive upgrades, cluster expansion and to maintain high-availability
  • The Operator uses the command set kubectl that the Kubernetes community was already familiar with and adds the kubectl minio plugin . The MinIO Operator and the MinIO kubectl plugin facilitate the deployment and management of MinIO Object Storage on Kubernetes - which is how multi-tenant object storage as a service is delivered.
  • choosing a leader for a distributed application without an internal member election process
  • The Operator Console makes Kubernetes object storage easier still. In this graphical user interface, MinIO created something so simple that anyone in the organization can create, deploy and manage object storage as a service.
  • The primary unit of managing MinIO on Kubernetes is the tenant.
  • The MinIO Operator can allocate multiple tenants within the same Kubernetes cluster.
  • Each tenant, in turn, can have different capacity (i.e: a small 500GB tenant vs a 100TB tenant), resources (1000m CPU and 4Gi RAM vs 4000m CPU and 16Gi RAM) and servers (4 pods vs 16 pods), as well a separate configurations regarding Identity Providers, Encryption and versions.
  • each tenant is a cluster of server pools (independent sets of nodes with their own compute, network, and storage resources), that, while sharing the same physical infrastructure, are fully isolated from each other in their own namespaces.
  • Each tenant runs their own MinIO cluster, fully isolated from other tenants
  • Each tenant scales independently by federating clusters across geographies.
張 旭

Service | Kubernetes - 0 views

  • Each Pod gets its own IP address
  • Pods are nonpermanent resources.
  • Kubernetes Pods are created and destroyed to match the state of your cluster
  • ...23 more annotations...
  • In Kubernetes, a Service is an abstraction which defines a logical set of Pods and a policy by which to access them (sometimes this pattern is called a micro-service).
  • The set of Pods targeted by a Service is usually determined by a selector
  • If you're able to use Kubernetes APIs for service discovery in your application, you can query the API server for Endpoints, that get updated whenever the set of Pods in a Service changes.
  • A Service in Kubernetes is a REST object, similar to a Pod.
  • The name of a Service object must be a valid DNS label name
  • Kubernetes assigns this Service an IP address (sometimes called the "cluster IP"), which is used by the Service proxies
  • A Service can map any incoming port to a targetPort. By default and for convenience, the targetPort is set to the same value as the port field.
  • The default protocol for Services is TCP
  • As many Services need to expose more than one port, Kubernetes supports multiple port definitions on a Service object. Each port definition can have the same protocol, or a different one.
  • Because this Service has no selector, the corresponding Endpoints object is not created automatically. You can manually map the Service to the network address and port where it's running, by adding an Endpoints object manually
  • Endpoint IP addresses cannot be the cluster IPs of other Kubernetes Services
  • Kubernetes ServiceTypes allow you to specify what kind of Service you want. The default is ClusterIP
  • ClusterIP: Exposes the Service on a cluster-internal IP.
  • NodePort: Exposes the Service on each Node's IP at a static port (the NodePort). A ClusterIP Service, to which the NodePort Service routes, is automatically created. You'll be able to contact the NodePort Service, from outside the cluster, by requesting <NodeIP>:<NodePort>.
  • LoadBalancer: Exposes the Service externally using a cloud provider's load balancer
  • ExternalName: Maps the Service to the contents of the externalName field (e.g. foo.bar.example.com), by returning a CNAME record with its value. No proxying of any kind is set up.
  • You can also use Ingress to expose your Service. Ingress is not a Service type, but it acts as the entry point for your cluster.
  • If you set the type field to NodePort, the Kubernetes control plane allocates a port from a range specified by --service-node-port-range flag (default: 30000-32767).
  • The default for --nodeport-addresses is an empty list. This means that kube-proxy should consider all available network interfaces for NodePort.
  • you need to take care of possible port collisions yourself. You also have to use a valid port number, one that's inside the range configured for NodePort use.
  • Service is visible as <NodeIP>:spec.ports[*].nodePort and .spec.clusterIP:spec.ports[*].port
  • Choosing this value makes the Service only reachable from within the cluster.
  • NodePort: Exposes the Service on each Node's IP at a static port
張 旭

我做系统架构的一些原则 | 酷 壳 - CoolShell - 0 views

  • 如果不说收益,只是为了技术而技术,而没有任何意义。
  • 有计划和无计划的停机做相应的解决方案
  • 经常不断的 human error
  • ...35 more annotations...
  • 运维又会分成基础运维和应用运维,开发则会分成基础核心开发和业务开发。
  • 基础运维和开发的同学更多的只是关注资源的利用率和性能,而应用运维和业务开发则更多关注的是应用和服务上的东西。
  • 有一些系统已经说不清楚是基础层的还是应用层的了,比如像服务治理上的东西,里面即有底层基础技术,也需要业务的同学来配合,包括 k8s 也样,里面即有底层的如网络这样的技术,也有需要业务配合的 readniess和 liveness 这样的健康检查,以及业务应用需要 configMap 等等 ……
  • 试想一下城市交通的优化,当城市规模到一定程度的时候,整体的性能你是无法通过优化几条路或是几条街区来完成的,你需要对整个城市做整体的功能体的规划才可能达到整体效率的提升
  • 当系统越来越复杂的时候,用户把他们的  PHP,Python, .NET,或 Node.js 的架构完全都迁移到 Java + Go 的架构上来的案例不断的发生。
  • 更为工业化的技术
  • 使用更为成熟更为工业化的技术栈,而不是自己熟悉的技术栈
  • 不要自己发明轮子,更不要魔改
  • 完全没有必要。不重新发明轮子,不魔改,不是因为自己技术不能,而是因为,这个世界早已不是自己干所有事的年代了
  • 好些公司的架构都被技术负责人个人的喜好、擅长和个人经验给绑架了,完全不是从一个客观的角度来进行技术选型
  • 全中国所有的电商平台,几百家银行,三大电信运营商,所有的保险公司,劵商的系统,医院里的系统,电子政府系统,等等,基本都是用 Java 开发的,包括 AWS 的主流语言也是 Java
  • NoSQL 的数据库在 Join 上都表现的太差
  • 为了不做 Join 就开始冗余数据,然而自己又维护不好冗余数据后带来的数据一致性的问题,导致数据上的各种错乱丢失。
  • 永远使用完备支持 ACID 的关系型数据库
  • 性能上的事,总是有解的,手段也是最多的,这个比起架构的完备性和扩展性来说真的不必太过担心。
  • 很多公司的系统既没有服从业界标准,也没有形成自己公司的标准,感觉就像一群乌合之众一样。
  • 最典型的例子就是 HTTP 调用的状态返回码。业内给你的标准是 200表示成功,3xx 跳转,4xx 表示调用端出错,5xx 表示服务端出错,我实在是不明白为什么无论成功和失败大家都喜欢返回 200,然后在 body 里指出是否error
  • Restful API 的规范。我觉得是非常重要的,这里给两个我觉得写得最好的参考:Paypal 和 Microsoft 。
  • 监控系统宁可自己死了也不能干扰实际应用。
  • 一个公司至少一年要有一次软件版本升级的review,然后形成软件版本的统一和一致
  • 架构和软件不是写好就完的,是需要不断修改不断维护的,80%的软件成本都是在维护上。
  • 通过服务发现或服务网关来降低服务依赖所带来的运维复杂度
  • 一定要使用各种软件设计的原则。比如:像SOLID这样的原则(参看《一些软件设计的原则》),IoC/DIP,SOA 或 Spring Cloud 等 架构的最佳实践(参看《SteveY对Amazon和Google平台的吐槽》中的 Service Interface 的那几条军规),分布式系统架构的相关实践(参看:《分布式系统的事务处理》,或微软件的 《Cloud Design Patterns》)……等等
  • 没有自动化测试,没有好的软件文档,没有质量好的代码,没有标准和规范
  • 以前欠下的技术债,都得要还,没打好的地基要重新打,没建配套设施都要建。这些基础设施如果不按照正确科学的方式建立的话,你是不可能有一个好的的系统
  • 与其花大力气迁就技术债务,不如直接还技术债
  • 建设没有技术债的“新城区”,并通过“防腐层 ”的架构模型,不要让技术债侵入“新城区”。
  • 如果有一天你在做技术决定的时候,开始凭自己以往的经验,那么你就已经不可能再成长了。
  • 做任何决定之前,最好花上一点时间,上网查一下相关的资料,技术博客,文章,论文等 ,同时,也看看各个公司,或是各个开源软件他们是怎么做的?然后,比较多种方案的 Pros/Cons,最终形成自己的决定
  • 对于 X-Y 问题,也就是说,用户为了解决 X问题,他觉得用 Y 可以解,于是问我 Y 怎么搞,结果搞到最后,发现原来要解决的 X 问题,这个时候最好的解决方案不是 Y,而是 Z。
  • 我很喜欢追问为什么 ,这种追问,会让客户也跟着来一起重新思考。
  • 激进并不是瞎搞,也不是见新技术就上,而是积极拥抱会改变未来的新技术
  • 不是不喜欢的就不学了,我对区块链和 Rust 我一样学习,我也知道这些技术的优势,但我不会大规模使用它们。
  • 进步永远来自于探索,探索是要付出代价的,但是收益更大。
  • 不敢冒险才是最大的冒险,不敢犯错才是最大的错误,害怕失去会让你失去的更多
張 旭

Considerations for large clusters | Kubernetes - 0 views

  • A cluster is a set of nodes (physical or virtual machines) running Kubernetes agents, managed by the control plane.
  • Kubernetes v1.23 supports clusters with up to 5000 nodes.
  • criteria: No more than 110 pods per node No more than 5000 nodes No more than 150000 total pods No more than 300000 total containers
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • In-use IP addresses
  • run one or two control plane instances per failure zone, scaling those instances vertically first and then scaling horizontally after reaching the point of falling returns to (vertical) scale.
  • Kubernetes nodes do not automatically steer traffic towards control-plane endpoints that are in the same failure zone
  • store Event objects in a separate dedicated etcd instance.
  • start and configure additional etcd instance
  • Kubernetes resource limits help to minimize the impact of memory leaks and other ways that pods and containers can impact on other components.
  • Addons' default limits are typically based on data collected from experience running each addon on small or medium Kubernetes clusters.
  • When running on large clusters, addons often consume more of some resources than their default limits.
  • Many addons scale horizontally - you add capacity by running more pods
  • The VerticalPodAutoscaler can run in recommender mode to provide suggested figures for requests and limits.
  • Some addons run as one copy per node, controlled by a DaemonSet: for example, a node-level log aggregator.
  • VerticalPodAutoscaler is a custom resource that you can deploy into your cluster to help you manage resource requests and limits for pods.
  • The cluster autoscaler integrates with a number of cloud providers to help you run the right number of nodes for the level of resource demand in your cluster.
  • The addon resizer helps you in resizing the addons automatically as your cluster's scale changes.
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