Skip to main content

Home/ Digital Ethnography at Kansas State University/ Group items tagged storage

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Filter: All | Bookmarks | Topics Simple Middle
Trapper Callender

Man-Computer Symbiosis - 2 views

groups.csail.mit.edu/...Licklider.html

Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis computer history

shared by Trapper Callender on 11 Feb 10 - Cached
  • In short, it seems worthwhile to avoid argument with (other) enthusiasts for artificial intelligence by conceding dominance in the distant future of cerebration to machines alone.
  • There will nevertheless be a fairly long interim during which the main intellectual advances will be made by men and computers working together in intimate association. A multidisciplinary study group, examining future research and development problems of the Air Force, estimated that it would be 1980 before developments in artificial intelligence make it possible for machines alone to do much thinking or problem solving of military significance. That would leave, say, five years to develop man-computer symbiosis and 15 years to use it. The 15 may be 10 or 500, but those years should be intellectually the most creative and exciting in the history of mankind.
  • It is often said that programming for a computing machine forces one to think clearly, that it disciplines the thought process. If the user can think his problem through in advance, symbiotic association with a computing machine is not necessary.
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • They would be easier to solve, and they could be solved faster, through an intuitively guided trial-and-error procedure in which the computer cooperated, turning up flaws in the reasoning or revealing unexpected turns in the solution.
  • Poincare anticipated the frustration of an important group of would-be computer users when he said, "The question is not, 'What is the answer?' The question is, 'What is the question?'" One of the main aims of man-computer symbiosis is to bring the computing machine effectively into the formulative parts of technical problems.
  • It is to bring computing machines effectively into processes of thinking that must go on in "real time," time that moves too fast to permit using computers in conventional ways.
  • To think in interaction with a computer in the same way that you think with a colleague whose competence supplements your own will require much tighter coupling between man and machine than is suggested by the example and than is possible today.
  • Throughout the period I examined, in short, my "thinking" time was devoted mainly to activities that were essentially clerical or mechanical: searching, calculating, plotting, transforming, determining the logical or dynamic consequences of a set of assumptions or hypotheses, preparing the way for a decision or an insight. Moreover, my choices of what to attempt and what not to attempt were determined to an embarrassingly great extent by considerations of clerical feasibility, not intellectual capability.
  • the operations that fill most of the time allegedly devoted to technical thinking are operations that can be performed more effectively by machines than by men.
  • If those problems can be solved in such a way as to create a symbiotic relation between a man and a fast information-retrieval and data-processing machine, however, it seems evident that the cooperative interaction would greatly improve the thinking process.
  • Computing machines can do readily, well, and rapidly many things that are difficult or impossible for man, and men can do readily and well, though not rapidly, many things that are difficult or impossible for computers. That suggests that a symbiotic cooperation, if successful in integrating the positive characteristics of men and computers, would be of great value. The differences in speed and in language, of course, pose difficulties that must be overcome.
  • Men will fill in the gaps, either in the problem solution or in the computer program, when the computer has no mode or routine that is applicable in a particular circumstance.
  • Clearly, for the sake of efficiency and economy, the computer must divide its time among many users. Timesharing systems are currently under active development. There are even arrangements to keep users from "clobbering" anything but their own personal programs.
  • It seems reasonable to envision, for a time 10 or 15 years hence, a "thinking center" that will incorporate the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and the symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper. The picture readily enlarges itself into a network of such centers, connected to one another by wide-band communication lines and to individual users by leased-wire services. In such a system, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the gigantic memories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users.
  • The first thing to face is that we shall not store all the technical and scientific papers in computer memory. We may store the parts that can be summarized most succinctly-the quantitative parts and the reference citations-but not the whole. Books are among the most beautifully engineered, and human-engineered, components in existence, and they will continue to be functionally important within the context of man-computer symbiosis. (Hopefully, the computer will expedite the finding, delivering, and returning of books.)
  • The second point is that a very important section of memory will be permanent: part indelible memory and part published memory. The computer will be able to write once into indelible memory, and then read back indefinitely, but the computer will not be able to erase indelible memory. (It may also over-write, turning all the 0's into l's, as though marking over what was written earlier.) Published memory will be "read-only" memory. It will be introduced into the computer already structured. The computer will be able to refer to it repeatedly, but not to change it.
  • The basic dissimilarity between human languages and computer languages may be the most serious obstacle to true symbiosis.
  • In short: instructions directed to computers specify courses; instructions-directed to human beings specify goals.
  • We may in due course see a serious effort to develop computer programs that can be connected together like the words and phrases of speech to do whatever computation or control is required at the moment. The consideration that holds back such an effort, apparently, is that the effort would produce nothing that would be of great value in the context of existing computers. It would be unrewarding to develop the language before there are any computing machines capable of responding meaningfully to it.
  • By and large, in generally available computers, however, there is almost no provision for any more effective, immediate man-machine communication than can be achieved with an electric typewriter.
  • Displays seem to be in a somewhat better state than controls. Many computers plot graphs on oscilloscope screens, and a few take advantage of the remarkable capabilities, graphical and symbolic, of the charactron display tube. Nowhere, to my knowledge, however, is there anything approaching the flexibility and convenience of the pencil and doodle pad or the chalk and blackboard used by men in technical discussion.
  • 2) Computer-Posted Wall Display: In some technological systems, several men share responsibility for controlling vehicles whose behaviors interact. Some information must be presented simultaneously to all the men, preferably on a common grid, to coordinate their actions. Other information is of relevance only to one or two operators. There would be only a confusion of uninterpretable clutter if all the information were presented on one display to all of them. The information must be posted by a computer, since manual plotting is too slow to keep it up to date.
  • Laboratory experiments have indicated repeatedly that informal, parallel arrangements of operators, coordinating their activities through reference to a large situation display, have important advantages over the arrangement, more widely used, that locates the operators at individual consoles and attempts to correlate their actions through the agency of a computer. This is one of several operator-team problems in need of careful study.
  • 3) Automatic Speech Production and Recognition: How desirable and how feasible is speech communication between human operators and computing machines?
  • Yet there is continuing interest in the idea of talking with computing machines.
  • In large part, the interest stems from realization that one can hardly take a military commander or a corporation president away from his work to teach him to type. If computing machines are ever to be used directly by top-level decision makers, it may be worthwhile to provide communication via the most natural means, even at considerable cost.
  • It seems reasonable, therefore, for computer specialists to be the ones who interact directly with computers in business offices.
  • Certainly, if the equipment were already developed, reliable, and available, it would be used.
  • Trapper Callender on 11 Feb 10
     
    Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.
benyang01

cosmetic mirror with led lights - 1 views

hangzhoumirror.com/...led-makeup-mirror

Mirror

shared by benyang01 on 25 Mar 19 - No Cached
  • benyang01 on 25 Mar 19
     
    Led Makeup Mirror Advantages Skin care, hair care, shaving and makeup application is easier when you can see what you're doing; the reality is that good grooming calls for a vanity mirror with lights. There is lot of makeup vanity mirror on market, and lots of them are similar design at low price. But what we believe is that people are looking for something special, people would love to pay more money if you show them something different and nice. Our makeup vanity mirror designed for people who are looking for excellent design and high quality product. Our stylish make up mirror is the perfect combination of makeup mirror, magnifier, led light and storage tray. With its 270 degree rotatable mirror, you can easily switch from plane mirror to magnifying mirror. You can also dimming the light by turn the knob. It also have integrated 1500mAh battery, you can take it to anywhere without annoying cable.
benyang01

led light mirror cabinet - 1 views

hangzhoumirror.com/...led-lighted-mirror-cabinet

Mirror

shared by benyang01 on 25 Mar 19 - No Cached
  • benyang01 on 25 Mar 19
     
    Led Lighted Mirror Cabinet The Spremium Bathroom Medicine Cabinet comes with everything you need to create an elegant and modern bathroom, with every convenience right in front of you. On the outside, it's a sophisticated frameless mirrored medicine cabinet with a built-in LED light and a defogger feature. The interior features 4 adjustable shelves and a mirrored back wall. In addition to all of these great features, this particular style is equipped with Bluetooth and digital clock option. All of our led light mirror cabinet made by plywood cabinet with melamine finish and 5mm thickness cooper free mirror, which is water proof and can also avoid black edge and spot on the mirror. All of cabinet door equipped with brand soft-closing "DTC" hinge, which can be used for 30000 times. Inside also have removable plywood shelf to make your storage more flexible.
babitajha

industrial cleaners in abuja - 0 views

kleenolng.com/industrial-services

industrial cleaners in abuja

shared by babitajha on 23 Jun 19 - No Cached
  • babitajha on 23 Jun 19
     
    KNL offers industrial cleaning solutions for any type of manufacturing, storage, or shipping facility. Their trained janitorial staff has the full range of equipment needed to keep large spaces tidy and free of debris. With years of experience, they are prepared to establish flexible, customized routines that allow them to work around shifts without interfering in operations, ensuring employees with a safe and efficient workspace at their disposal.
robertp885

Buy Soundcloud Premium Accounts - Real, Bulk & Verified - 0 views

realserviceit.com/...uy-soundcloud-premium-accounts

pas cher Sac longchamp Ralph Lauren pliage Homme payday loans Femme

shared by robertp885 on 17 Aug 23 - No Cached
  • robertp885 on 17 Aug 23
     
    Buy Soundcloud Premium Accounts Introduction The use of social media has swept the globe. Globally, there are already over 3 billion active social media users, and that figure is rising. With 175 million active members, Soundcloud is one of the most widely used social networking sites. A excellent place for bands and aspiring musicians to share their music is Soundcloud. It is also a fantastic method to meet other music fans. You can interact with more people and market your music more effectively by purchasing Soundcloud accounts. What are Soundcloud Accounts? Users of the social networking site Soundcloud can upload, record, and share audio tracks. In that users may follow other users, "like," and comment on music, as well as share tracks with other users, it functions similarly to other social media sites. In contrast to other social media sites, Soundcloud focuses exclusively on sharing and streaming audio tracks. Buy SoundCloud Premium Accounts Accounts on Soundcloud can be easily and for free created. A password and an email address are all you need. You can start following other users, listening to music, and sharing your own tracks once you've registered an account. Also, you may make playlists, which are collections of songs you can play at any moment. What are the features of Soundcloud Account? User advantages of Soundcloud accounts are numerous. The fact that users can upload an endless amount of music is perhaps the most significant. This is perfect for musicians who want to spread their music without worrying about storage restrictions. Also, Soundcloud accounts give users access to resources for sharing and promoting their tunes. Users can embed tracks on their websites or blogs, for instance, or post tunes directly to their social media profiles. What are the benefits of buying Soundcloud Accounts? There are several advantages to purchasing Soundcloud accounts that you can profit from. You will be able to increase the number of individual
timmhaubrich532

Buy Gmail Account - 100% Verified Accounts - 0 views

realserviceit.com/...buy-gmail-account

pas cher longchamp Sac Ralph Lauren pliage Homme payday loans Femme

shared by timmhaubrich532 on 17 Aug 23 - No Cached
  • robertp885 on 17 Aug 23
     
    Buy Gmail Account Introduction If you want to buy Gmail account, there are many websites available in the internet. Here is a list of best websites where you can buy gmail account with full guarantee and support: How to buy a Gmail Account? First, you need to register on our website. After registration, you can start buying Gmail Accounts. You can purchase gmail accounts from our website in bulk and instantly. Steps For Buy Gmail Account Choose your Gmail account type. You can choose between the standard and business accounts, or you can upgrade to a premium plan with more storage space and advanced features like spam filtering, two-factor authentication (2FA), data loss prevention (DLP) and more. Choose your Gmail accounts package. If this is your first time buying a Gmail account from us, then we will send you an email with instructions on how to complete the order form for free! After that, when it comes time for payment of $29 per month for 1 year (or $59 per month for 3 years) follow these steps: Click "Pay Now" button on top right corner of page; Select credit/debit card option; Enter required information such as name(s), address(es), etc. Review summary before confirming order via clicking "Continue" button located beneath "Payment Details" section at bottom left corner of page; Buy Gmail Account Sent To Your Email ID How to Buy Gmail Account? If you are looking to buy gmail account, then follow these steps: Go to the [http://www.gmail.com/about/buy/] page of Gmail and click on "Buy Now" button, which will take you to the next step in purchasing your account. You will be asked whether or not you want an email address from us and then enter the information requested here including name, country and phone number etc., depending on what type of account(s) do you want? . If everything is correct according with our requirements then we'll send an activation link via email so that once activated all future communications sent via this email ID
  • timmhaubrich532 on 07 Dec 24
csk2024

lmgq - 2 views

en.cskmotion.com/...earing-guides-lmgq-series.html

lmgq

shared by csk2024 on 30 Dec 24 - No Cached
  • csk2024 on 30 Dec 24
     
    Precision Linear Guide Rails, Low Friction Linear Slide - LMGQ Series | CSK
  • csk2024 on 18 Mar 25
     
    The LMGQ series precision linear guide rail from CSK linear guide manufacturer is a high-performance linear guide rail developed based on the design of the LMG series precision slide rails by China linear guideway rail manufacturers, which has high rigidity and high load performance, while also being able to withstand equal load capacity in radial, radial, and left and right lateral directions. Its automatic centering feature can absorb assembly errors on the installation surface during equipment assembly. A special resin-made ball linkage is designed between the steel balls, which can effectively reduce the wear and collision between the steel balls during the operation of the slider, and provide lubricating oil storage space, thereby reducing the operating noise of the slider and extending its service life.
‹ Previous 21 - 27 of 27
Showing 20▼ items per page