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"This is probably one language that cannot be brought back, but at least we made a record of it," Anderson said, noting that the Aborigine who spoke it strained to recall words he had heard from his father, now dead. Many of the 113 languages in the region from the Andes Mountains into the Amazon basin are poorly known and are giving way to Spanish or Portuguese, or in a few cases, a more dominant indigenous language. In this area, for example, a group known as the Kallawaya use Spanish or Quechua in daily life, but also have a secret tongue mainly for preserving knowledge of medicinal plants, some previously unknown to science. "How and why this language has survived for more than 400 years, while being spoken by very few, is a mystery," Harrison said in a news release. The dominance of English threatens the survival of the 54 indigenous languages in the Northwest Pacific plateau, a region including British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. Only one person remains who knows Siletz Dee-ni, the last of many languages once spoken on a reservation in Oregon.

Descendents of semi-nomadic tribesman who conquered China in the 17th century, they are the last living link to a language that for more than two-and-a-half centuries was the official voice of the Qing Dynasty, the final imperial house to rule from Beijing and one of the richest and most powerful empires the world has known. With the passing of these villagers, Manchu will also die, experts say.

Like a biologist gathering the specimens of an endangered species, the linguist Siripen Ungsitipoonporn sits in a bamboo hut taking down Chong words from a native speaker. Sarong- clad Chinpanpai, 62, whose bronzed skin and wavy hair mark her as belonging to the Chong, is helping Siripen compile the first Chong dictionary. She is one of the 3,000 or so speakers in their community fluent in Chong, roughly one fifth of the tribe.Today, Chong is taught three times a week in the tribe's primary schools. As a result, many schoolchildren can now speak a smattering of their mother tongue. "I was embarrassed to speak it, I felt just like a dot of ink among others," says Chen Phanpai, a former village head, when asked about the success of the language revitalization program. "But now I feel unique because nobody else speaks Chong."Sheldon Shaeffer, director of Unesco's Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education, says that "Learning their mother tongue makes minorities more confident in themselves, and more approving of government initiatives."