Caliph, Caliphs, Muslim Early History Chart
General Information
Muhammad (623-632)
Abu Bakr (632-634) father-in-law (Arabic, khalifah, [successor]), khalifat Rasul Allah, [successor to the Messenger of God]), 1st Caliph
Umar I (634-644) amir-al-mum-inin (Arabic, [commander of the believers], 2nd Caliph
Uthman ibn Affan (644-656) Muhammad's son-in-law, 3rd Caliph
Ali Ben Abu Talib (656-661) a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, 4th Caliph
" The map of the medieval world was constantly changing, as various kingdoms, principalities and states fought each other and redrew borders. In Europe and western Asia there were many states that rose to power and then later fell. Some of the most well-known ones include the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Abbasid Caliphate. Here, we take a look at 10 of the lesser known kingdoms that no longer exist."