Skip to main content

Home/ Humdinger Project/ Group items tagged systems

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Filter: All | Bookmarks | Topics Simple Middle
rasheqrahman

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2009/03/18/00015... - 0 views

www-wds.worldbank.org/...WPS4868.txt

power wind wps4868 worldbank

shared by rasheqrahman on 01 May 10 - Cached
  • Installed global wind generating capacity expanded rapidly from only 10 megawatts (MW) in 1980 to 94,124 MW of installed capacity by the end of 2007 (see Table 1). 2 At the end of 2007, Europe and North America accounted for 80.5% of global wind power capacity.
  • large extent on wind resources, in particular, mean wind speed at hub height, the cost of turbines and related equipment, the proximity to a sufficiently strong transmission grid (i.e. the cost of grid extension and grid reinforcement), and the accessibility of the site. Other factors such as the existing generating mix, system load profiles, connections to grids in other countries/regions, electricity markets, system operating procedures, and land costs also have a significant impact on the costs of wind power generation. A large number of studies compare the costs of wind power with those of other electricity generation technologies (e.g., NEA/IEA, 2005; Kammen and Pacca, 2004; Lazard, 2008; CPUC, 2008; EIA, 2008; ESMAP/WB, 2008). Since electricity generation technologies vary significantly in terms of their investment requirements and operational characteristics, costs are converted to a level or base for comparison purposes, known as the levelized (or bus bar) cost of electricity generation. The levelized cost includes mainly investment or capital costs, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and fuel costs. While capital and fixed O&M costs are proportional to installed capacity, variable O&M and fuel costs are functions of electricity output.
  • large extent on wind resources, in particular, mean wind speed at hub height, the cost of turbines and related equipment, the proximity to a sufficiently strong transmission grid (i.e. the cost of grid extension and grid reinforcement), and the accessibility of the site. Other factors such as the existing generating mix, system load profiles, connections to grids in other countries/regions, electricity markets, system operating procedures, and land costs also have a significant impact on the costs of wind power generation. A large number of studies compare the costs of wind power with those of other electricity generation technologies (e.g., NEA/IEA, 2005; Kammen and Pacca, 2004; Lazard, 2008; CPUC, 2008; EIA, 2008; ESMAP/WB, 2008). Since electricity generation technologies vary significantly in terms of their investment requirements and operational characteristics, costs are converted to a level or base for comparison purposes, known as the levelized (or bus bar) cost of electricity generation. The levelized cost includes mainly investment or capital costs, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and fuel costs. While capital and fixed O&M costs are proportional to installed capacity, variable O&M and fuel costs are functions of electricity output.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • large extent on wind resources, in particular, mean wind speed at hub height, the cost of turbines and related equipment, the proximity to a sufficiently strong transmission grid (i.e. the cost of grid extension and grid reinforcement), and the accessibility of the site. Other factors such as the existing generating mix, system load profiles, connections to grids in other countries/regions, electricity markets, system operating procedures, and land costs also have a significant impact on the costs of wind power generation. A large number of studies compare the costs of wind power with those of other electricity generation technologies (e.g., NEA/IEA, 2005; Kammen and Pacca, 2004; Lazard, 2008; CPUC, 2008; EIA, 2008; ESMAP/WB, 2008). Since electricity generation technologies vary significantly in terms of their investment requirements and operational characteristics, costs are converted to a level or base for comparison purposes, known as the levelized (or bus bar) cost of electricity generation. The levelized cost includes mainly investment or capital costs, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and fuel costs. While capital and fixed O&M costs are proportional to installed capacity, variable O&M and fuel costs are functions of electricity output.
  • he cost of turbines and related equipment, the proximity to a sufficiently strong transmission grid (i.e. the cost of grid extension and grid reinforcement), and the accessibility of the site. Other factors such as the existing generating mix, system load profiles, connections to grids in other countries/regions, electricity markets, system operating procedures, and land costs also have a significant impact on the costs of wind power generation. A large number of studies compare the costs of wind power with those of other electricity generation technologies (e.g., NEA/IEA, 2005; Kammen and Pacca, 2004; Lazard, 2008; CPUC, 2008; EIA, 2008; ESMAP/WB, 2008). Since electricity generation technologies vary significantly in terms of their investment requirements and operational characteristics, costs are converted to a level or base for comparison purposes, known as the levelized (or bus bar) cost of electricity generation. The levelized cost includes mainly investment or capital costs, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and fuel costs. While capital and fixed O&M costs are proportional to installed capacity, variable O&M and fuel costs are functions of electricity output.
  • he cost of turbines and related equipment, the proximity to a sufficiently strong transmission grid (i.e. the cost of grid extension and grid reinforcement), and the accessibility of the site. Other factors such as the existing generating mix, system load profiles, connections to grids in other countries/regions, electricity markets, system operating procedures, and land costs also have a significant impact on the costs of wind power generation. A large number of studies compare the costs of wind power with those of other electricity generation technologies (e.g., NEA/IEA, 2005; Kammen and Pacca, 2004; Lazard, 2008; CPUC, 2008; EIA, 2008; ESMAP/WB, 2008). Since electricity generation technologies vary significantly in terms of their investment requirements and operational characteristics, costs are converted to a level or base for comparison purposes, known as the levelized (or bus bar) cost of electricity generation. The levelized cost includes mainly investment or capital costs, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and fuel costs. While capital and fixed O&M costs are proportional to installed capacity, variable O&M and fuel costs are functions of electricity output.
  • he cost of turbines and related equipment, the proximity to a sufficiently strong transmission grid (i.e. the cost of grid extension and grid reinforcement), and the accessibility of the site. Other factors such as the existing generating mix, system load profiles, connections to grids in other countries/regions, electricity markets, system operating procedures, and land costs also have a significant impact on the costs of wind power generation. A large number of studies compare the costs of wind power with those of other electricity generation technologies (e.g., NEA/IEA, 2005; Kammen and Pacca, 2004; Lazard, 2008; CPUC, 2008; EIA, 2008; ESMAP/WB, 2008). Since electricity generation technologies vary significantly in terms of their investment requirements and operational characteristics, costs are converted to a level or base for comparison purposes, known as the levelized (or bus bar) cost of electricity generation. The levelized cost includes mainly investment or capital costs, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and fuel costs. While capital and fixed O&M costs are proportional to installed capacity, variable O&M and fuel costs are functions of electricity output.
  • rasheqrahman on 01 May 10
     
    "Installed global wind generating capacity expanded rapidly from only 10 megawatts (MW) in 1980 to 94,124 MW of installed capacity by the end of 2007 (see Table 1). 2 At the end of 2007, Europe and North America accounted for 80.5% of global wind power capacity. "
rasheqrahman

FAQ.Developing-Countries - 1 views

www.bergey.com/...FAQ.Rural.html

wind developing countries grid

shared by rasheqrahman on 01 May 10 - Cached
    • rasheqrahman
      rasheqrahman on 01 May 10
       
      Why is wind better than grid extension
    • rasheqrahman
      rasheqrahman on 01 May 10
       
      Jengging Village example of wind turbines
  • They are better because they are more sustainable and offer a number of other socioeconomic benefits. Wind systems are smaller, modular and have a shorter leadtime than grid extension. For grid extension distances as short as one kilometer a wind system can be a lower cost alternative for small loads. While they cost more initially than diesels they are much better from the users point of view. Donor agencies, for example, typically supply diesels at no cost, but leave operational costs (fuel, maintenance and replacement) to the local people. This requires scarce hard currency and usually results in limited utilization and a shortened life of the diesel because of inadequate maintenance. Many countries must also import their fossil fuels, further magnifying the burden imposed by diesels.
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • In Morocco the government, with the support of US-AID, is using wind-electric pumping systems to replace diesel powered pumps that are too expensive for the local people to operate. In the Naima Rural Commune, near Oujda in northeast Morocco, two 10 kW wind turbines are supplying four villages with several times the water volume previously pumped by diesels. The villagers prefer the wind turbines both because they deliver more water and because they cost nothing to operate.
  • Jengging village, Arunachal Pradesh, which is in the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains, for example, was electrified with wind turbines in 1988. Due to the rugged terrain in the area it is doubtful that utility lines would ever be brought to Jengging.
    • rasheqrahman
      rasheqrahman on 01 May 10
       
      Morocco Village
  • In China, over 100,000 locally produced small wind turbines, 10 megawatts of nameplate capacity, have been installed in Inner Mongolia in the last seven years
  • Wind power is very competitive with photovoltaics, biomass, and diesel generators, but is usually more expensive than micro-hydro
  • roviding a least cost approach under certain conditions. This expands the scope of potential projects, pointing to the day when decentralized electrification projects will be implemented on the same scale as current grid extension projects
  • A wind turbine can actually be much simpler than a diesel engine. They also require substantially less attention and maintenance. Our turbines, for example, have only three moving parts and do not require any regular maintenance. They can operate for extended periods, five years or more, without any attention. Our latest unit, the 1.5 kW BWC 1500, is designed for Village Level Operation and Maintenance (VLOM), following guidelines established by the World Bank. With training and spare parts, local users can support the wind turbine equipment they use.
  • particularly competitive in cost for sizes above 250 watts
  • kilowatt-hour per day a wind turbine will be less expensive than diesels, grid extension, or photovoltaics for virtually any wind resource above 4 m/s (9 mph). This wind resource is available in most of the developing world. For larger daily load requirements the economics of wind power get progressively better. For a 10 kW wind turbine a wind resource of only 3.5 m/s (7.2 mph) will usually make wind the least cost option. There are not many areas of the world that have average wind speeds below 3.5 m/s (7.2 mph).
  • Thus, much of the available wind resource data from developing countries underestimates the actual resource available in rural areas. Macro-scale data and analytical methods are now available that can be used to check historical data for reasonableness. Accurate wind resource assessment is a major impediment to large scale implementation of wind power in many developing countries.
  • there is a clear benefit to the project from using advanced U.S. environmental technology.  Is this typical of other donor agencies? Many other international donor agencies take a much more pro-active role in introducing renewable energy systems in developing countries and facilitating technology transfer. European countries, in particular, have shown how donor agencies and industry can work together to bring the benefits of renewable energy to the world's poor. This often makes it difficult for U.S. companies to compete in developing country markets even when they have superior technology. Fortunately, the situation at US-AID is changing as environmental concerns increase and US-AID's awareness of modern renewable energy technologies, including small wind turbines, improves. How can I get more information? We would be happy to send you further information on small wind turbines for developing countries or answer any of your questions. Just call or write to Bergey Windpower Co. at the address below. You can also get further information on wind energy and its use in developing countries from the American Wind Energy Association (202-383-2500) or their web site: http://www.awea.org  You can learn more about the programs of the U.S. Agency for International Development at http://www.us-aid.govBergey Windpower Co., 2200 Industrial Blvd., Norman, OK 73069 USA T: 405-364-4212, F: 405-364-2078  BWC was formed in 1977 and has been manufacturing small wind turbines since 1980. BWC wind turbines have been installed in all 50 states and approximately 90 countries.  
rasheqrahman

WindDiesel Systems in Developing Countries - 0 views

www.wwindea.org/...5_3_2.html

wind developing countries winddiesel systems

shared by rasheqrahman on 01 May 10 - Cached
  • A solution could be to export these wind turbines to developing countries so that the energy produced could substitute for diesel fuel. This would decrease the dependence of these countries on more and more expensive fuel imports.
    • rasheqrahman
      rasheqrahman on 01 May 10
       
      wind to replace diesel fuel
rasheqrahman

ScienceDirect - Refocus : Energy for all : : Obstacles and success conditions for RE in... - 0 views

www.sciencedirect.com/science

developing leapfrogging wind power countries energy

shared by rasheqrahman on 05 May 10 - No Cached
  • There are only a few market actors which often suffer from a lack of capital. On the other hand, the sale of RE systems in rural areas leads to high transaction costs, due to long travel distances, lack of market information, poor infrastructure, difficult access to customers and the lack of skilled personnel.
  • Especially in the field of maintenance, there is a widespread lack of information. In all developing countries, one can find the ruins of RE projects that have fallen into disrepair after they had been installed by foreign donors. This is also often due to a lack of skilled personnel in the field of RE technology. In general, awareness on the advantages and characteristics of RE is still rather scarce. Many households do not consider RE when planning their energy provision. Similarly, governments (as much as many international donors) tend to stick to the large-scale, centralised, conventional energy projects they are accustomed to.
  • First of all, many RE technologies are not yet competitive on a cost-basis with conventional forms of energy. In many cases, the advantage of conventional energy is still increased by subsidies. On the other hand, RE systems and their components are often subject to import duties or other taxes.
1 - 4 of 4
Showing 20▼ items per page