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bridget l

Dgh - Spanish Inquisition - 0 views

dgh.wikispaces.com/Spanish+Inquisition

shared by bridget l on 03 May 12 - No Cached
  • Records show about 2,000 people were sentenced to die in Spain alone and over the course of the inquisition thousands were killed. Many things caused the Inquisition, and there were many lasting effects.
    • bridget l
      bridget l on 29 Apr 15
       
      These lasting effects stated here was that now in Spain 97% of the population is now catholic which conveys how the Spanish Inquisition is close to becoming all-catholic however, many perished to come to this state.
  • This made Spain a predominantly Catholic society,which changed many aspects of their country and impacted the life in Spanish colonies in the new world.
    • bridget l
      bridget l on 29 Apr 15
       
      The Spanish Inquisition was also brought towards the lands Spain colonized spreading Catholicism and dominating over other religions.
  • Alexander AER on 03 May 12
     
    The website I used for the May 2 DA.
Abigail F

Greece | TIME For Kids - 0 views

www.timeforkids.com/...greece

facts about greece

shared by Abigail F on 29 Sep 15 - No Cached
    • Ilana F
      Ilana F on 29 Sep 15
       
      The official language of Greece is Greek. 
  • one of the world's oldest and most glorious civilizations
  • 50,949 square miles
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Capital: Athens
  • more than 2,000 Greek islands
  • Temperate; hot, dry summers; mild, wet winters
  • The Euro
  • Wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes, beef, dairy  
    • Abigail F
      Abigail F on 29 Sep 15
       
      The size of Greece in its entireness, is about the size of one of the 50 states of the USA.
    • Abigail F
      Abigail F on 29 Sep 15
       
      The size of Greece in its entireness, is about the size of one of the 50 states of the USA.
  • Ilana F on 29 Sep 15
     
    Facts about Greece
  • Abigail F on 29 Sep 15
     
    Facts about Greece
Chandni B

Geography of Greece - Crystalinks - 0 views

www.crystalinks.com/greekgeography.html

ancient greek greece Geography

shared by Chandni B on 10 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • About 80% of Greece consists of mountains or hills, thus making Greece one of the most mountainous countries of Europe. Western Greece contains lakes and wetlands. Pindus, the central mountain range, has a maximum elevation of 2,636 m. The Pindus can be considered as a prolongation of the Dinaric Alps. The range continues by means of the Peloponnese, the islands of Kythera and Antikythera to find its final point in the island of Crete. (Actually the islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once consisted an extension of the mainland). The Central and Western Greece area contains high, steep peaks dissected by many canyons and other karstic landscapes, including the Meteora and the Vikos gorge the later being the second largest one on earth after the Grand Canyon in the US.
  • We begin to look at the geography of ancient Greece by examining how Greeks lived on their farms, why they traded, road systems, and the plant life that ancient Greece had. Geography has always had a great influence on Greece and its inhabitants. It is largely responsible for numerous continuities in its extensive history. While the mountains that split the Greek lands have contributed to localism they have been a major barrier to unity as a nation. The struggle of communication by land and the significant presence of the sea have made mariners out of Greeks for numerous generations. The natural resources ensure a steady flow of abundance and guarantee sustenance if governed wisely.
  • The Greeks had their private space that consisted of the agricultural fields in the territory of the polis and their houses compacted in settlements, whether in the central town of the city-state, in smaller towns, or villages. Ancient Greeks preferred to live in such compacted settlements, even when agriculture was their main source of support. Occasionally, there has been evidence of how agricultural land was organized by the residents of the settlements in rectangular and equal lots. The idea was that each family would farm a single plot of land. But, there was a tendency for farmland to become divided and for a landowner to own many plots of land scattered all over the community.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • In ancient Greece, many cities had land that was used for farming within the city, but most of the people lived in small towns and villages outside of the city.
  • Greece consists of a large mainland at the southern end of the Balkans; the Peloponnesus peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth); and numerous islands (around 3,000), including Crete, Rhodes, Kos, Euboea and the Dodecanese and Cycladic groups of the Aegean Sea as well as the Ionian sea islands. Greece has more than 15,000 kilometres of coastline and a land boundary of 1,160 kilometres.
    • Chandni B
      Chandni B on 29 Sep 15
       
      Greece is very mountainous. Western Greece contains many lakes. Pindus is the main mountain range.
  • covered with vast and thick century old forests like the famous Dadia
  • Mount Olympus forms the highest point in Greece at 2,919 metres above sea level.
  • high range, the Rhodope, located in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
  • Plains are mainly found in Eastern Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace.Greece's climate is divided into three well defined classes the Mediterranean, Alpine and Temperate, the first one features mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Temperatures rarely reach extremes, although snowfalls do occur occasionally even in Athens, Cyclades or Crete during the winter.
  • Alpine is found primarily in Western Greece
  • temperate climate is found in Central and Eastern Macedonia as well as in Thrace at places like Komotini, Xanthi and northern Evros; with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers.
  • About 50% of Greek land is covered by forests with a rich varied vegetation which spans from Alpine coniferous to mediterranean type vegetation.
  • Seals, sea turtles and other rare marine life live in the seas around Greece, while Greece's forests provide a home to Western Europe's last brown bears and lynx as well as other species like Wolf, Roe Deer, Wild Goat, Fox and Wild Boar among others.
  • According to this information, there would have been many villages, hamlets, single farms, and occasional small towns scattered over the land; as can still be seen in Crete.
  • The land was organized for mules and donkeys with built mule-tracks reaching every settlement.
  • Ancient Greeks became a sea-going people due to the close proximity of the sea to most Greek city-states. These merchants and traders developed a sense of freedom and independence not seen before.
  • mrs. b. on 10 Oct 13
     
    What was the geography of Greece like? How did they farm?
  • ...2 more comments...
  • mrs. b. on 10 Oct 13
     
    What was the geography of Greece like? How did they farm?
  • mrs. b. on 10 Oct 13
     
    What was the geography of Greece like? How did they farm?
  • Eric G on 13 Oct 14
     
    This website talks about the geography of Greece
  • Abigail F on 29 Sep 15
     
    Describes Geek Geography.
Daniel D

World Book Student | Article Page - 0 views

www.worldbookonline.com/...article

shared by Daniel D on 29 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • in government, s
  • cience, philosophy, and the arts still influence our lives.
  • A city-state consisted of a city or town and the surrounding villages and farmland. The Greek city-states were fiercely independent and often quarreled among themselves.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • world's first democratic governments.
  • common language, religion, and culture bound the people together.
  • stressed the importance of the individual and encouraged creative thought
  • created new forms of expression, which explored human personalities and emotions.
  • The Greeks usually fortified a hill, called an acropolis,
  • within the city for defense.
  • Ancient Greece lacked adequate farmland, rainfall, and water for irrigation, and so crop production was limited. The mountains provided huge amounts of limestone and marble for building construction and clay for making bricks and pottery. But Greece had few other mineral deposits. Timber was plentiful at first. However, it became increasingly scarce as the people cut down many trees without replanting the forests.
  • depend on overseas trade for needed goods.
  • Only citizens could own land and take part in government. Noncitizens consisted of women, slaves, and serfs. Unlike slaves, serfs were not considered personal property.
  • Daniel D on 29 Sep 15
     
    extensive encyclopedia about Ancient Greece
Somin J

Greek Government - Ancient History Encyclopedia - 0 views

www.ancient.eu/Greek_Government

greek government history ancient

shared by Somin J on 14 Oct 14 - Cached
  • fundamental questions as who should rule and how?
  • t is possible to piece together a more complete history,
  • Surviving, though, are over 150 political speeches and 20,000 inscriptions which include 500 decrees and 10 laws.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • (monarchies and tyrants) or in a select few (the oligarchies) or in every male citizen: democracy
  • birth of democracy (demokratia) from around 460 BCE
  • Any male citizen 18 years or over could speak (at least in theory) and vote in the assembly, usually with a simple show of hands.
  • Perhaps the most famous bad decision from the Athenian democracy was the death sentence given to the philosopher Socrates in 399 BCE.   
  • In other Greek states then, there were also democratic assemblies, sometimes, though, with a minimum property stipulation for attendees (as in the Boiotian federation 447-386 BCE). Some city-states also mixed democratic assemblies with a monarchy (for example, Macedonia and Molossia).
  • Somin J on 29 Sep 15
     
    Description of Greek Democracy, Monarchy, Oligarchy and Public Officials
eric c

Athens, Ancient Greek City-State - Ancient Greece for Kids - 0 views

greece.mrdonn.org/athens.html

shared by eric c on 04 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Before the Greek dark ages, Athens was a small village, home to a tribe of Ionian people. After the Greek dark ages, Athens grew rapidly until Athens was one of the two most powerful city-states in the ancient Greek world. (The other was Sparta.) 
    • eric c
      eric c on 04 Nov 11
       
      the history of Athens
Garth Holman

The Roman Republic [ushistory.org] - 3 views

www.ushistory.org/6a.asp

roman republic ushistory

shared by Garth Holman on 29 Nov 12 - No Cached
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 29 Nov 12
       
      Cincinnatus, Ohio city named after this man? Enduring Impact? 
  • innovations of the Roman Republic was the notion of equality under the law. In 449 B.C.E., government leaders carved some of Rome's most important laws into 12 great tablets. The Twelve Tables, as they came to be known, were the first Roman laws put in writing. Although the laws were rather harsh by today's standards, they did guarantee every citizen equal treatment under the law.
  • Quickly kill ... a dreadfully deformed child.
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • and all males over 15 who were descended from the original tribes of Rome became citizens. Citizens of Rome distinguished themselves from slaves and other noncitizens by wearing a toga; most wore a white toga. During the Empire, each emperor wore a purple toga to distinguish himself as the princeps, or "first citizen."
  • republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf. A republic is quite different from a democracy, in which every citizen is expected to play an active role in governing the state.
  • The Romans established a form of government — a republic — that was copied by countries for centuries In fact, the government of the United States is based partly on Rome's model.
  • The full citizen could vote, marry freeborn persons, and practice commerce. Some citizens were not allowed to vote or hold public office, but maintained the other rights. A third type of citizen could vote and practive commerce, but could not hold office or marry freeborn women.
  • male slaves who were granted their freedom could become full citizens.
  • 212 C.E, under the Edict of Caracalla, all free people of the Roman Empire could become citizens.
  • the aristocrats were known as patricians.
  • The aristocracy (wealthy class) dominated the early Roman Republic.
  • consuls, or leaders, who ruled the Roman Republic.
  • A senate composed of patricians elected these consuls.
  • lower-class citizens, or plebeians, had virtually no say in the government. Both men and women were citizens in the Roman Republic, but only men could vote.
  • patricians and plebeians should be strictly separated; marriage between the two classes was even prohibited. Over time, the plebeians elected their own representatives, called tribunes, who gained the power to veto measures passed by the senate.
  • . The Senate convened and passed laws in the curia, a large building on the grounds of the Roman Forum. Much later, Julius Caesar built a larger curia for an expanded Senate.
  • Rome had conquered vast territories, and the powerful senators sent armies, negotiated terms of treaties, and had total control over the financial matters of the Republic.
  • Cincinnatus.
  • Garth Holman on 29 Nov 12
     
    Roman Republic
dcs-armstrong

3 Branches of Government for Kids and Teachers - FREE Lesson Plans & Games for Kids - 0 views

government.mrdonn.org/3branches.html

3branches US Government Republic three branches checks and balances Legislative Executive Judicial President Congress Representative Democracy

shared by dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15 - Cached
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      When they say the Legislative branch "makes new laws" what they really mean is that the Legislative branch makes suggestions on what new laws should be. These suggestions are called "bills" it doesn't officially become a law until it goes through the entire process.
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      When they say the Legislative branch "makes new laws" what they really mean is that the Legislative branch makes suggestions on what new laws should be. These suggestions are called "bills" it doesn't officially become a law until it goes through the entire process.
  • he men who wrote the Constitution wanted to make sure that no one branch became too powerful
  • checks and balances
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • president is the commander in chief
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      (He commands the army)
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      (He commands the army)
  • BUT - the president cannot get
  • money to pay anyone
  • without the approval of Congress.
  • nearly everyone appointed by the president
  • pproved by Congress before they can take office.
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      Think what vocabulary word describes the first line "The government of the United States is composed of three branches".
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      Think what vocabulary word describes the first line "The government of the United States is composed of three branches".
  • executive branch
  • three branches
  • egislative branch
  • judicial branch
  • executive branch sees that laws are carried out
  • legislative branch makes new laws
  • judicial branch makes sure that the laws
  • agree with the Constitution
dcs-armstrong

Checks and Balances - 0 views

bensguide.gpo.gov/j-check-balance

3branches US Republic three branches checks and balances veto

shared by dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15 - No Cached
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      The Constitution is the United States version of "Civil Law" 
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      The Constitution is the United States version of "Civil Law" 
  • hat was an important decision because it gave specific powers to each branch and set up something called checks and balances.
  • point of checks and balances was to make sure no one branch would be able to control too much power, and it created a separation of powers
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • some examples of how the different branches work together:
  • legislative branch makes laws
  • President in the executive branch can veto those laws
  • legislative branch makes laws
  • judicial branch can declare those laws unconstitutional.
  • President in the executive branch can veto a law,
  • legislative branch can override that veto with enough votes.
  • egislative branch has the power to approve Presidential nominations
  • control the budget
  • and can impeach the President and remove him or her from office.
  • executive branch can declare Executive Orders, which are like proclamations that carry the force of law
  • judicial branch can declare those acts unconstitutional.
  • judicial branch interprets laws
  • President nominates Supreme Court justices,
  • who make the evaluations.
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      The Judicial branch interprets laws, but the President appoints Supreme Court Justices (judges). The judges that the President appoints are the people who interpret the law.
    • dcs-armstrong
      dcs-armstrong on 17 Dec 15
       
      The Judicial branch interprets laws, but the President appoints Supreme Court Justices (judges). The judges that the President appoints are the people who interpret the law.
  • judicial branch interprets laws
  • enate in the legislative branch confirms the President’s nominations for judicial positions
  • Congress can impeach any of those judges and remove them from office
  • Constitution divided the Government into three branches
Garth Holman

Life in Sparta - Sparta - 1 views

www.sparta.net/listingview.php

shared by Garth Holman on 29 Oct 13 - Cached
  • strong enough to be Spartan citizens. If the infants were too week or sick, they were abandoned in the country side to die
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 21 Oct 15
       
      Why would they do this?  How does this help the City-State? 
  • male Spartan was at the age of seven, he was taken from his mother and sent to live in special military barracks for twenty three years.
  • They were allowed to marry, but couldn’t live with their wives.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Equals were the soldiers who reached thirtieth age, but if any soldier who disgraced himself in any way was risked not becoming an equal.
  • They were granted expanded rights and allowed to participate in politics
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 21 Oct 15
       
      So "They" where the soldiers over 30 years old. 
  • the military and the city state were the center of every Spartan citizen’s life
Julia G

Ancient Greece - Sparta - The British Museum - 0 views

www.ancientgreece.co.uk/...home_set.html

Greece

shared by Julia G on 15 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Together with Athens, Sparta is one of the best known city-states of ancient Greece,
Jennifer Y.

Office of the Historian - Milestones - 1945-1952 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - 0 views

history.state.gov/...NATO

shared by Jennifer Y. on 16 Dec 12 - No Cached
    • Jennifer Y.
      Jennifer Y. on 16 Dec 12
       
      By the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, countries worked together. 
John Woodbridge

Medieval beliefs about sin and forgiveness » English Lit Resources from Crossref-it.info - 1 views

www.crossref-it.info/...iefs-about-sin-and-forgiveness

Quest 5 Religion

shared by John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Sin, in Christian teaching, consists of disobedience to the known will of God
  • Medieval Church inherited and taught the doctrine of original sin, the belief that all human beings share in collective guilt as a result of the disobedience of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden in the Fall of Humankind, together with an ongoing predisposition to disobey God
  • needed to be cleansed through baptism
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • taking part in this, believers symbolically shared in the victory paid for – and won by - Christ over the power of sin (known as the atonement).
  • Celebrating mass
  • Everyone
  • sermons that people learnt Bible
  • few laypeople had direct access to the text of the Bible.
  • Sermons had several functions:
  • The idea of purgatory was based on the obvious fact that most people are neither extremely good nor extremely evil.
  • To educate people about the Christian faith and the Church’s rituals and practices To make known the contents of the Bible, the Church’s interpretations of the Bible, and also the lives of saints To help people understand the system of confession and to prepare for their confession to their parish priest in a careful way To explain about sin and virtues.
  • Venial sins were relatively small faults and shortcomings. The individual could confess these privately to God Mortal, or ‘deadly’, sins were wrong acts committed consciously and deliberately. They therefore placed the soul in serious danger and the Church taught that, in normal circumstances, they could only be forgiven through the sacrament of penance and by confession to a priest.
  • believed that being too absorbed in the life of the body and material things was bad for the soul.
  • The simple food monks and nuns were supposed to keep to The regular fasting periods that all Christians observed during the Church year.
  • repentance means the person wants to turn away from undertaking wrong behaviour and actively decides to do so henceforward.
  • The priest would hear the confession and talk to the penitent to ascertain that they truly repented and resolved to do better in future. The priest then pronounced absolution, declaring that Christ forgave the sins of the truly repentant.
  • Penance  This means an action which demonstrates that someone has repented of their sins. The priest might order a penitent, for example, to do one of the following for a period: Go on pilgrimage Fast (abstain from food) Donate alms to the Church or the poor.
  • knowledge of the Christian faith came, above all, from preaching and teaching, week by week from parish priests.
  • people,
  • would not go straight to heaven after death either. Instead, they would spend a period in the spiritual state of purgatory where they could ‘pay for’ / atone for sins committed on earth
  • It was believed that, whilst still alive, people could undertake deeds that would speed either themselves (in the future) or a dead friend or relative through this process
  • John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13
     
    Discussion of sin, celebration of mass, importance of a sermon, confession, repentance, confession, penance, and purgatory
Lakala S

Ancient Greece Schools - 1 views

www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/...schools.htm

greece schools kids ancient

shared by Lakala S on 17 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • Lakala S
      Lakala S on 17 Oct 12
       
      School systems in Greece seem very interesting.
  •  facts about ancient egypt for kids Facts about Egypt today ... information on ancient egypt for children  
  • The way children were educated was different in each city state. In Sparta, reading and writing was unimportant. Boys learned to be good fighters. In Athens citizens had to be educated to take part in voting in the Assembly. Athenian boys also went to 'wrestling school' each day, to learn many sports, not just wrestling. They had to be fit, to fight in the army.
Aaron C

Greece - 0 views

www.state.gov/...3395.htm

Ancient greece

shared by Aaron C on 17 Oct 12 - Cached
  • Aaron C on 17 Oct 12
     
    This is the ancient history about greece
Leah R

Greece - 0 views

travel.state.gov/...cis_1127.html

shared by Leah R on 16 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • Leah R
      Leah R on 16 Oct 12
       
      Greece is a party to the Schengen Agreement
  • Greece is a party to the
  • Schengen Agreement.
Raya H

Ancient Greece for Kids - Woodlands Homework Help - 0 views

www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/...Greece.html

shared by Raya H on 16 Oct 12 - Cached
  • The earliest Greek civilizations thrived nearly 4,000 years ago. The Ancient Greeks lived in Greece and the countries that we now call Bulgaria and Turkey.
  • The Greek Empire was most p
  • owerful between 2000 BC and 146 BC
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Each state had its own laws, government and money but they shared the same language and reli
  • Trial by Jury
  • The influence of the Ancient Greeks are still felt by us today. The major impact in our lives today are in the arts, in philosophy, and in science, math, literature and politics.
  • Greek Myths
  • Democracy
  • The word 'democracy' is Greek. It means 'government by the people. We have a form of democracy in Britain, and this is a legacy of the Athenians and their
  • Raya H on 17 Oct 12
     
    Shows greece today and in the past
mukul g

Poe's Life | Edgar Allan Poe Museum - 1 views

www.poemuseum.org/life.php

poe allan edgar Biography museum research 8th Grade LA

shared by mukul g on 01 Nov 12 - No Cached
    • mukul g
      mukul g on 01 Nov 12
       
      He is separated from his brothers and sisters!!!!!
  • . Griswold followed the obituary with a memoir in which he portrayed Poe as a drunken, womanizing madman with no morals and no friends.  Griswold’s attacks were meant to cause the public to dismiss Poe and his works, but the biography had exactly the opposite effect and instead drove the sales of Poe’s books higher than they had ever been during the author’s lifetime.
  • Days after Poe’s death, his literary rival Rufus Griswold wrote a libelous obituary of the author in a misguided attempt at revenge for some of the offensive things Poe had said and written about him
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • The real Poe was born to traveling actors in Boston on January 19, 1809
  • Two years later he heard that Frances Allan, the only mother he had ever known, was dying of tuberculosis and wanted to see him before she died. By the time Poe returned to Richmond she had already been buried. Poe and Allan briefly reconciled, and Allan helped Poe gain an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. 
  • Humiliated by his poverty and furious with Allan for not providing enough funds in the first place, Poe returned to Richmond and visited the home of his fiancée Elmira Royster, only to discover that she had become engaged to another man in Poe’s absence.
  • Before going to West Point, Poe published another volume of poetry
  • . After only eight months at West Point Poe was thrown out, but he soon published yet another book.
  • Within three years of Poe’s birth both of his parents had died, and he was taken in by the wealthy tobacco merchant John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan in Richmond, Virginia while Poe’s siblings went to live with other families.
  • Poe was living in poverty but had started publishing his short stories
  • “Panic of 1837,” Poe struggled to find magazine work and wrote his only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym. 
Garth Holman

This dissident poet says elections and the nuclear pact give him hope for Iran | Public Radio International - 0 views

www.pri.org/...and-nuclear-give-him-hope-iran

Inquisition spanish trials iran elections

shared by Garth Holman on 05 May 16 - No Cached
  • The 44-year-old journalist and poet might have ended up dead, like some of his writer friends back home in Iran. Several of them were murdered in a series of political assassinations that began in the late 1990s.
  • freedom of expression, the Islamic Republic of Iran is among the worst of the worst. The country is ranked 169th, out of a total of 180 countries, on the 2016 World Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders.
  • Rafizadeh looks every bit the intellectual — glasses, leather jacket, cigarette. As a child, he would wake up early and recite Persian poetry out loud, annoying his father and his siblings. 
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • “The [Iranian] government intrudes into your personal life no matter who you are. That’s why, after the murders started happening, I decided to write political poems,” he says. 
  • “Other intellectuals were killed, too,” he says. “The Iranian regime was murdering innocent people just because they dared to call for political change and reform.” 
  • afizadeh managed to shine a light on the killings with his writings in the pages of pro-reformist newspapers. But only for a time. Eventually, Rafizadeh was arrested.“I spent 86 days in a cell that was 1.5 meters by 2 meters,” Rafizadeh says. “And I was tortured.” 
  • Even after he was released, pending trial, he says authorities threatened to harm his children if he didn’t make public statements saying he was treated well in prison and that his past writings were false.
  • Rafizadeh says he did what he was being pressured to do. But he adds that, “the Iranian public knew who was lying and who was telling the truth.” “Other journalists besides me wrote about the human rights situation in Iran and we did have an impact,” Rafizadeh says. Nonetheless, he felt he had to leave the country after the courts sentenced him to 20 lashes and nine months in prison. He escaped into Turkey in 2005. Two years later, he got asylum in Canada. 
  • “But, as it happened, there is in Iran what you might call a ‘deep state.’” 
  • None of these political actors are entirely answerable to Iran’s elected government. That enabled the hardliners to launch a brutal crackdown against the pro-reform camp of then-president Mohammad Khatami and his supporters. The crackdown began in in the late '90s and continued into the early 2000s.
  • “You can fight for rights and freedoms in the political space all you like, but if there is not judicial protection of them, that is a fundamental problem,” she says. 
  • Garth Holman on 05 May 16
     
    Dissident and actions in the modern world. 
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