This is a list of the ten greatest inventions of the Middle Ages (excluding military inventions).

Egyptian society had a social hierarchy, with the pharaoh at the very top.

The vizier was the second most powerful official.He was the pharaoh’s most trusted advisor.

510 BC, the

In 510 BC, the

BC, the

This great migration brought our species to a position of world dominance that it has never relinquished and signaled the extinction of whatever competitors remained—Neanderthals in Europe and Asia, some scattered pockets of Homo erectus in the Far East and, if scholars ultimately decide they are in fact a separate species, some diminutive people from the Indonesian island of Flores (see "Were 'Hobbits' Human?").

When the migration was complete, Homo sapiens was the last—and only—man standing.

population