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mukul g

Society of the Mongol Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire

Quest 10

shared by mukul g on 16 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • During the Mongol Empire there were two different groups of food, "white foods" and "brown foods"
  • "White foods"
  • were usually dairy products and were the main food source during the summer. The main part of their diet was "airag" or fermented mare’s milk, a food which is still widely drunk today.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • "Brown foods" were usually meat and were the main food source during the winter, usually boiled and served with wild garlic or onions.
  • The Mongols had a unique way of slaughtering their animals to get meat. The animal was laid on its back and restrained. Then the butcher would cut its chest open and rip open the aorta, which would cause deadly internal bleeding. Animals would be slaughtered in this fashion because it would keep all of the blood inside of the carcass. Once all of the internal organs were removed, the blood was then drained out and used for sausages.[2]
  • Genghis Khan authorized the use of paper money shortly before his death in 1227. It was backed by precious metals and silk.[6]
  • During the winter sheep were the only domestic animal slaughtered, but horses were occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies.[3]
  • The Mongols rarely slaughtered animals during the summer but if an animal died of natural causes they made sure to carefully preserve it.
  • During the winter the Mongols would also go ice fishing
  • Meal etiquette existed only during large gatherings and ceremonies. The meal, usually meat, was cut up into small pieces. Guests were served their meat on skewers and the host determined the order of serving. People of different social classes were assigned to different parts of the meat and it was the responsibility of the server or the “ba’urchis” to know who was in each social class. The meat was eaten with fingers and the grease was wiped on the ground or on clothing.
  • The most commonly imported fare was liquor
  • The Mongols used Chinese silver ingot as a unified money of public account, while circulating paper money in China and coins in the western areas of the empire such as Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate
  • Under Ogedei Khan the Mongol government issued paper currency backed by silk reserves and founded a Department which was responsible for destroying old notes.[7] In 1253, Mongke established a Department of Monetary affairs to control the issuance of paper money in order to eliminate the overissue of the currency by Mongol and non-Mongol nobles since the reign of Great Khan Ogedei.
  • mukul g on 16 Mar 12
     
    Tells you about the daily life of the mongols which come in quest 10. 
Kalina P

Barbara Ehrenreich: Nickel and Dimed (2011 Version) - 2 views

www.huffingtonpost.com/...d-dimed-2011-ver_b_922330.html

poverty horizons

shared by Kalina P on 12 Dec 12 - No Cached
  • , “Make love not war,” and then -- down at the bottom -- “Screw it, just make money.”
  • A Florida woman wrote to tell me that, before reading it, she’d always been annoyed at the poor for what she saw as their self-inflicted obesity.
  • . I started with my own extended family, which includes plenty of people without jobs or health insurance, and moved on to trying to track down a couple of the people I had met while working on Nickel and Dimed
  • ...58 more annotations...
  • widely read among low-wage workers. In the last few years, hundreds of people have written to tell me their stories: the mother of a newborn infant whose electricity had just been turned off, the woman who had just been given a diagnosis of cancer and has no health insurance, the newly homeless man who writes from a library computer.
  • t things have gotten much worse, especially since the economic downturn that began in 2008.
  • earned less than a barebones budget covering housing, child care, health care, food, transportation, and taxes -- though not, it should be noted, any entertainment, meals out, cable TV, Internet service, vacations, or holiday gifts. Twenty-nine percent is a minority, but not a reassuringly small one, and other studies in the early 2000s came up with similar figures.
  • -- the skipped meals, the lack of medical care, the occasional need to sleep in cars or vans -
  • The economy was growing, and jobs, if poorly paid, were at least plentiful.
  • many of these jobs had disappeared and there was stiff competition for those that remained
  • a healthy diet wasn’t always an option.  And if I had a quarter for every person who’s told me he or she now tipped more generously, I would be able to start my own foundation.
  • and and was subsisting on occasional cleaning and catering jobs. Neither seemed unduly afflicted by the recessi
  • suicide a “coping strategy,” but it is one way some people have responded to job los
  • Media attention has focused, understandably enough, on the “nouveau poor” -- formerly middle and even upper-middle class people who lost their jobs, their homes, and/or their investments in the financial crisis of 2008 and the economic downturn that followed it, but the brunt of the recession has been borne by the blue-collar working class, which had already been sliding downwards since de-industrialization began in the 1980s.
  • were especially hard hit for the simple reason that they had so few assets and savings to fall back on as jobs disappea
  • cut back on health care.
  • e to moves and suspensions of telephone service
  • Food i
  • “food auctions,” which offer items that may be past their sell-by dates.
  • urban hunting. In Racine, Wisconsin, a 51-year-old laid-off mechanic told me he was supplementing his diet by “shooting squirrels and rabbits and eating them stewed, baked, and grilled.” In Detroit, where the wildlife population has mounted as the human population ebbs, a retired truck driver was doing a brisk business in raccoon carcasses, which he recommends marinating with vinegar and spices.
  • ncrease the number of paying people per square foot of dwelling space -- by doubling up or renting to couch-surfer
  • “people who’ve lost their jobs, or at least their second jobs, cope by doubling or tripling up in overcrowded apartments, or by paying 50 or 60 or even 70 percent of their incomes in rent.”
  • g members of my extended family, have given up their health insurance.
  • - a government safety net that is meant to save the poor from spiraling down all the way to destitutio
  • The food stamp program has responded to the crisis fairly well, to the point where it now reaches about 37 million people, up about 30% from pre-recession levels.
  • ? There is a right to food stamps. You go to the office and, if you meet the statutory definition of need, they h
  • elp you. For welfare, the street-level bureaucrats can, pretty much at their own discretion, just say no.
  • Delaware residents who had always imagined that people turned to the government for help only if “they didn’t want to work.
  • ace a state-sponsored retraining course in computer repairs -- only to find that those skills are no longer in demand.
  • 44% of laid-off people at the time, she failed to meet the fiendishly complex and sometimes arbitrary eligibility requirements for unemployment benefits. Their car started falling apart.
  • Temporary Assistance to Needy Families.
  • TANF does not offer straightforward cash support like Aid to Families with Dependent Children, which it replaced in 1996. It’s an income supplementation program for working parents, and it was based on the sunny assumption that there would always be plenty of jobs for those enterprising enough to get them.
  • When the Parentes finally got into “the system” and began receiving food stamps and some cash assistance, they discovered why some recipients have taken to calling TANF “Torture and Abuse of Needy Families.” From the start, the TANF experience was “humiliating,” Kristen says. The caseworkers “treat you like a bum. They act like every dollar you get is coming out of their own paychecks.”
  • 40 jobs a week
  • miles a day to attend “job readiness” classes offered by a private company called Arbor, wh
  • were “frankly a joke.”
  • , “applying for welfare is a lot like being booked by the police.”  There may be a mug shot, fingerprinting, and lengthy interrogations as to one’s children’s true paternity. The ostensible goal is to prevent welf
  • fraud, but the psychological impact is to turn poverty itself into a kind of crime.
  • The most shocking thing I learned from my research on the fate of the working poor in the recession was the extent to which poverty has indeed been criminalized in America.
  • Perhaps the constant suspicions of drug use and theft that I encountered in low-wage workplaces should have alerted me to the fact that, when you leave the relative safety of the middle class, you might as well have given up your citizenship and taken residence in a hostile nation.
  • Most cities, for example, have ordinances designed to drive the destitute off the streets by outlawing such necessary activities of daily life as sitting, loitering, sleeping, or lying down. Urban officials boast that there is nothing discriminatory about such laws: “If you’re lying on a sidewalk, whether you’re homeless or a millionaire, you’re in violation of the ordinance,” a St. Petersburg, Florida, city attorney stated in June 2009, echoing Anatole France’s immortal observation that “the law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges...”
  • the criminalization of poverty has actually intensified as the weakened economy generates ever more poverty.
  • ordinances against the publicly poor has been rising since 2006, along with the harassment of the poor for more “neutral” infractions like jaywalking, littering, or carrying an open container.
  • ban on begging
  • grizzled 62-year-old, he inhabits a wheelchair and is often found on G Street in Washington, D.C. -- the city that is ultimately responsible for the bullet he took in the spine in Phu Bai, Vietnam, in 1972.
  • “They arrested a homeless man in a shelter for being homeless?”
  • , led by Las Vegas, passed ordinances forbidding the sharing of food with the indigent in public places, leadi
  • way to be criminalized by poverty is to have the wrong color skin. Indignation runs high when a celebrity professor succumbs to racial profiling, but whole communities are effectively “profiled” for the suspicious combination of being both dark-skinned and poor. Flick a cigarette and you’re “littering”; wear the wrong color T-shirt and you’re displaying gang allegiance. Just strolling around in a dodgy neighborhood can mark you as a potential suspect. And don’t get grumpy about it or you could be “resisting arrest.”
  • e government defunds services that might help the poor while ramping up law enforcement.
  •  Shut down public housing, then make it a crime to be homeless. Generate no public-sector jobs, then penalize people for falling into debt.
  • The experience of the poor, and especially poor people of color, comes to resemble that of a rat in a cage scrambling to avoid erratically administered electric shocks. And if you should try to escape this nightmare reality into a brief, drug-induced high, it’s “gotcha” all over again, because that of course is illegal too.
  • r staggering level of incarceration,
  • g. And what public housing remains has become ever more prison-like, with random police sweeps and, in a growing number of cities, proposed drug tests for residents.
  • The safety net, or what remains of it, has been transformed into a dragnet.
  • official level of poverty increasing -- to over 14% in 2010 -- some states are beginning to ease up on the criminalization of poverty, using alternative sentencing methods, shortening probation, and reducing the number of people locked up for technical violations like missing court appointments. But others, diabolically enough, are tightening the screws: not only increasing the number of “crimes,” but charging prisoners for their room and board, guaranteeing they’ll be released with potentially criminalizing levels of debt.
  • a higher minimum wage, universal health care, affordable housing, good schools, reliable public transportation, and all the other things we, uniquely among the developed nations, have neglected to do.
  • : if we want to reduce poverty, we have to stop doing the things that make people poor and keep them that way. Stop underpaying people for the jobs they do. Stop treating working people as potential criminals and let them have the right to organize for better wages and working conditions.
  • : if we want to reduce poverty, we have to stop doing the things that make people poor and keep them that way. Stop underpaying people for the jobs they do. Stop treating working people as potential criminals and let them have the right to organize for better wages and working conditions.
  • : if we want to reduce poverty, we have to stop doing the things that make people poor and keep them that way. Stop underpaying people for the jobs they do. Stop treating working people as potential criminals and let them have the right to organize for better wages and working conditions.
  • : if we want to reduce poverty, we have to stop doing the things that make people poor and keep them that way. Stop underpaying people for the jobs they do. Stop treating working people as potential criminals and let them have the right to organize for better wages and working conditions.
  • Stop the institutional harassment of those who turn to the government for help or find themselves destitute in the streets
  • But at least we should decide, as a bare minimum principle, to stop kicking people when they’re down.
Molly R

Agriculture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/Agriculture

shared by Molly R on 01 Nov 11 - Cached
    • Alex Orloff
      Alex Orloff on 01 Nov 11
       
      stuff bout early farming
  • Agriculture (also called farming or husbandry) is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life.
  • Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials
    • Molly R
      Molly R on 01 Nov 11
       
      Farming generates materials for many things.
tsofia gordon

Dgh - Rise of Agicultural Soicety - 0 views

dgh.wikispaces.com/Rise+of+Agicultural+Soicety

shared by tsofia gordon on 01 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • permanent settlement
    • Noah m
      Noah m on 01 Nov 11
       
      hi
  • This resulted upon the sign of the times when people depended on hunters and gatherers to get their food. Groups of people would have to move to new areas when food or water became scarce. As the animals migrated the people followed to maintain a sustainable food supply. Hunting and gathering was the only way early people could survive, but these two jobs were both difficult and dangerous.
  • Once people could produce a surplus of food there was an increase in population and more people could specialize in different areas of work (see specialization).
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • he Rise of the Agricultural Society
  • (world map during ice age)As
  • People started growing their own food
  • This was the first time farming was seen in the world. This created the first farmers in the world from the middle-east
  • They stayed close to any source of water and planted new fields of wheat and barley using irrigation.
  • Domesticatio
    • tsofia gordon
      tsofia gordon on 01 Nov 11
       
      people for using anmuiles for thire one good
  • People were only able to live in (Domestication)numbers by becoming more productive farmers, but people now had more stable food supply because of domestication, using animals to the fullest, and keeping them secure (new way of life).
mukul g

Medieval Life - Food - 2 views

www.historyonthenet.com/...food.htm

food life

shared by mukul g on 24 Jan 12 - Cached
  • His table is set at one end of the great hall and he sits in a high-backed chair. His guests, the priest, two noblemen and his wife, sit on his table while less important people eat sitting on stools or benches at trestle tables lower down the hall. 
  • Above the lord's head, part of the shields bearing his coat of arms can be seen, while at the bottom right corner a flying knife and ball offer evidence that the lord is being entertained by a juggler
  • . The plates used by the Normans were made out of wood.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Sometimes they used large slices of day-old bread as plates for the meat and sometimes they ate out of bowls. 
  • Although they had knives and spoons, there were no forks, so people used their fingers a great deal. The lord always ate well, even during winter.
  • he could afford to buy salt to preserve his meat all the year round
  • The peasants’ main food was a dark bread made out of rye grain
  • They ate a kind of stew called pottage made from the peas, beans and onions that they grew in their gardens. 
  • Their only sweet food was the berries, nuts and honey that they collected from the woods. 
  • Peasants did not eat much meat. Many kept a pig or two but could not often afford to kill one.
  • They could hunt rabbits or hares but might be punished for this by their lord.  
  • mukul g on 24 Jan 12
     
    This is how some of the normans ate.
Garth Holman

Medieval Food - 0 views

www.medieval-life.net/food.htm

Quest4 Food

shared by Garth Holman on 11 Feb 14 - Cached
  • Medieval foods and diets depended much on the class of the individual.
  • Fowl such as capons, geese, larks, and chickens were usually available to the lord and his family. They would also dine on other meats; beef, bacon, lamb, and those living close to water may have regularly dined on salmon, herring, eels ands other fresh water fish. Fish would either be sold fresh or smoked and salted. Wealthy society could afford large quantities of milled flour and other meals made from grain. Dairy products such as cheese and butter could be seen on the manor table.
  • Most of the wheat they harvested went exclusively to the market, and peasant breads were made from barley and rye, baked into dark heavy loaves. Ales made from barley would quaff the thirst, as would water drawn from the well, sweetened with honey. Peasant society got what little proteins they could from peas and beans that would be added to bread and pottage.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Onions, cabbage, garlic, nuts, berries, leeks, spinach, parsley were some of the foods that would combined to make thick soup. Raw vegetables were considered unhealthy and rarely eaten, but anything that could grown, with the exception of known poisonous plants, were added to the mix.
Shira H

Middle Ages Food and Diet - 0 views

www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-food-and-diet.htm

shared by Shira H on 07 Feb 12 - No Cached
    • Shira H
      Shira H on 07 Feb 12
       
      Great site for quest 4 includes what food nobles and peasants eat. For example peasants eat meat, fish home grown vegetables and herbs. Nobles were allowed to hunt deer ,boar, hares and rabbits. 
Matthew S.

¢Æ Prehistoric Experience Hall - Prehistoric Learning Room - 0 views

www.dolmen.or.kr/...e_exp01_01_01.html

shared by Matthew S. on 01 Nov 11 - No Cached
    • Matthew S.
      Matthew S. on 01 Nov 11
       
      Cool caves that people lived in to help survive when they followed there cattle.
  • The life pattern in the Old Stone Age was a group community life.  People duri
  • ng this age had a group life moving in family units and the man with the most experience and wisdom among them was the leader.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • People in the Old Stone Age who relied on the nature had to look for new foods when they ran out of the foods gathered by collecting and hunting around their cave.  So they moved to look for foods according to the change of seasons. 
  • 1. Cave Dwelling
  • They had been used the cave as their shelter to protect themselves from beasts or take shelter from rain and wind.
mason m

Slavery in Ancient India: Greek, African, Criminal and Volunteer Slaves | Suite101.com - 2 views

john-walsh.suite101.com/lavery-in-ancient-india-a33072

shared by mason m on 17 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • What was
  • the nature of slavery in Ancient India? What kind of people were slaves? Was it possible to escape?
  • e moment of birth, be freed together with her child. Of course, no one can minimize the misery of being enslaved and it is almost certain that many masters were able to disregard these kinds of rules but, nevertheless, at least some structure of protection were provided. These were supplemented by both Hindu and Buddhist precepts, which will also have been influential in affecting the behaviour of some people. A large number of slaves appear to have been sourced from Greece and Greek colony cities. This is shown both by written records and by illustrations of the people involved. The female slave armies that protected the king’s harem were frequently known as Ionians and fought hard to maintain the traditions, names and language of their homelands. Other slaves were bought by traders from the west, bringing people from Africa, Arabia and from time to time, no doubt, the European mainland as well. Traders in eastern waters surely did the same, with slaves brought from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. It was also possible for free-born Indians to become slaves, perhaps through a court decision after having committed a serious crime. Others might be enslaved as a result of war or trafficking but it was also possible for people to put themselves up for enslavement. They could put their freedom at stake as surety for a cash loan or for a gambling stake. However, enslavement need not be permanent. A financial arrangement could be made in these cases but, if worst came to worst, slaves were allowed one chance to try to escape and, if they managed to get away, they were permitted to claim their freedom permanently. Ads by Google Microsoft® Private Cloud Microsoft.com/readynowBe Ready For The Future. Learn More About Microsoft® Private Cloud! MA in Ancient Greek www.brandeis.edu/gsasGenerous scholarships for 1-year Master's @ Brandeis. Learn more. Native Americans indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.comNews, Culture, Events and More. Visit Our Site & Stay Up To Date! document.getElementById('adsense_placeholder_3').innerHTML = document.getElementById('adsense_ad_3_hidden').innerHTML; Copyright John Walsh. Contact the author to obtain permission for republication. John Walsh - I am a lecturer in business with a wide range of interests. These include anything relating to East and Southeast Asia, especially ... Print Article var addthis_share = { templates: { twitter: '{{title}}: {{url}} via @suite101' } } var addthis_config = { ui_language: "en", ui_cobrand: "Suite101", ui_header_color: "#FFFFFF", ui_header_background: "#336666", data_track_clickback: true } http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/tweet_button.html#_=1321539691113&count=horizontal&dnt=&id=twitter_tweet_button_0&lang=en&original_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn-walsh.suite101.com%2Fslavery-in-ancient-ind
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • lavery has existed in India since the time of the Mauryas at least. However, since Indian society has throughout been subject to the strictly-enforced caste system, the differences between those in the lowest caste and the lot of the slaves are not very great and, in some cases, it may have been better to be a slave. For example, a low caste person had to work constantly to obtain food and water while slaves occasionally (although not very often) could have time off from work. Laws also existed as to what sort of treatment it was permitted to use with slaves: they could be beaten on the back but not the head, for example, while a woman who was made pregnant by her master would, at th  e
  • S &nbsp;lavery has existed in India since the time of the Mauryas at least. However, since Indian society has throughout been subject to the strictly-enforced caste system, the differences between those in the lowest caste and the lot of the slaves are not very great and, in some cases, it may have been better to be a slave. For example, a low caste person had to work constantly to obtain food and water while slaves occasionally (although not very often) could have time off from work. Laws also existed as to what sort of treatment it was permitted to use with slaves: they could be beaten on the back but not the head, for example, while a woman who was made pregnant by her master would, at th &nbsp; e moment of birth, be freed together with her child. Of course, no one can minimize the misery of being enslaved and it is almost certain that many masters were able to disregard these kinds of rules but, nevertheless, at least some structure of protection were provided. These were supplemented by both Hindu and Buddhist precepts, which will also have been influential in affecting the behaviour of some people. A large number of slaves appear to have been sourced from Greece and Greek colony cities. This is shown both by written records and by illustrations of the people involved. The female slave armies that protected the king’s harem were frequently known as Ionians and fought hard to maintain the traditions, names and language of their homelands. Other slaves were bought by traders from the west, bringing people from Africa, Arabia and from time to time, no doubt, the European mainland as well. Traders in eastern waters surely did the same, with slaves brought from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. It was also possible for free-born Indians to become slaves, perhaps through a court decision after having committed a serious crime. Others might be enslaved as a result of war or trafficking but it was also possible for people to put themselves up for enslavement. They could put their freedom at stake as surety for a cash loan or for a gambling stake. However, enslavement need not be permanent. A financial arrangement could be made in these cases but, if worst came to worst, slaves were allowed one chance to try to escape and, if they managed to get away, they were permitted to claim their freedom permanently. Ads by Google Microsoft® Private Cloud Microsoft.com/readynow Be Ready For The Future. Learn More About Microsoft® Private Cloud! MA in Ancient Greek www.brandeis.edu/gsas Generous scholarships for 1-year Master's @ Brandeis. Learn more. Native Americans indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com News, Culture, Events and More. Visit Our Site &amp; Stay Up To Date! document.getElementById('adsense_placeholder_3').innerHTML = document.getElementById('adsense_ad_3_hidden').innerHTML; Copyright John Walsh . Contact the author to obtain permission for republication. John Walsh - I am a lecturer in business with a wide range of interests. These include anything relating to East and Southeast Asia, especially ... <IMG s
  • &nbsp;lavery has existed in India since the time of the Mauryas at least. However, since Indian society has throughout been subject to the strictly-enforced caste system, the differences between those in the lowest caste and the lot of the slaves are not very great and, in some cases, it may have been better to be a slave. For example, a low caste person had to work constantly to obtain food and water while slaves occasionally (although not very often) could have time off from work. Laws also existed as to what sort of treatment it was permitted to use with slaves: they could be beaten on the back but not the head, for example, while a woman who was made pregnant by her master would, at th &nbsp; e moment of birth, be freed together with her child. Of course, no one can minimize the misery of being enslaved and it is almost certain that many masters were able to disregard these kinds of rules but, nevertheless, at least some structure of protection were provided. These were supplemented by both Hindu and Buddhist precepts, which will also have been influential in affecting the behaviour of some people. A large number of slaves appear to have been sourced from Greece and Greek colony cities. This is shown both by written records and by illustrations of the people involved. The female slave armies that protected the king’s harem were frequently known as Ionians and fought hard to maintain the traditions, names and language of their homelands. Other slaves were bought by traders from the west, bringing people from Africa, Arabia and from time to time, no doubt, the European mainland as well. Traders in eastern waters surely did the same, with slaves brought from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. It was also possible for free-born Indians to become slaves, perhaps through a court decision after having committed a serious crime. Others might be enslaved as a result of war or trafficking but it was also possible for people to put themselves up for enslavement. They could put their freedom at stake as surety for a cash loan or for a gambling stake. However, enslavement need not be permanent. A financial arrangement could be made in these cases but, if worst came to worst, slaves were allowed one chance to try to escape and, if they managed to get away, they were permitted to claim their freedom permanently. Ads by Google Microsoft® Private Cloud Microsoft.com/readynow Be Ready For The Future. Learn More About Microsoft® Private Cloud! MA in Ancient Greek www.brandeis.edu/gsas Generous scholarships for 1-year Master's @ Brandeis. Learn more. Native Americans indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com News, Culture, Events and More. Visit Our Site &amp; Stay Up To Date! document.getElementById('adsense_placeholder_3').innerHTML = document.getElementById('adsense_ad_3_hidden').innerHTML; Copyright John Walsh . Contact the author to obtain permission for republication. John Walsh
  • mason m on 17 Nov 11
     
    India slavery system and the caste system.
Garth Holman

BBC News | Health | A millennium of health improvement - 0 views

news.bbc.co.uk/...241864.stm

Middle Ages quest4 social life expectancy

shared by Garth Holman on 10 Feb 16 - No Cached
  • In the medieval world, there was a belief that only miracles were so powerful
  • full and healthy life for men was making it through early childhood. For women, it was making it past childbearing age.
  • boy had reached 20 he could hope to live to 45, and if he made it to 30 he had a good chance of making it into his fifties.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • main threats lay in early childhood, as the child's immune system was coming to terms with the threats posed by a disease-ridden environment.
  • Thatch roofs were common in the countryside (where 85-90% of the population lived) and they attracted insects and rodents
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 10 Feb 16
       
      Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. See images:  https://www.google.com/search?q=Thatch+roofs&safe=strict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjttJ-5su3KAhXDzoMKHXb_D-EQ_AUIBygB&biw=1374&bih=676&dpr=0.9
  • They carried bacteria, which they deposited either on the inhabitants or the food they would eat
  • There was no plumbing, so human waste was deposited outside - but not too far from - the house. Such material produced a breeding ground for the biggest killers of the period, cholera and typhoid, which were caused by unsanitary living conditions.
  • body lice living on infected people.
  • increased risk of death as a result of accidents at work.
  • It was noblemen who were most successful at keeping themselves clean, and they surrounded themselves with well-scrubbed servants.
  • But between the ages of 14 and 40 - the years of having children - a woman's life expectancy was half that of a man's.
  • One reason offered for this is that having babies in the middle ages was more dangerous than going to war
  • less sanitary, and put the mother at a high risk of fatal infection.
  • Food storage was also primitive, with no refrigeration except in winter, and consumers showed a tolerance of slightly rancid goods because there was a general shortage of food.
  • while relatives of the afflicted prayed for miracles.
jclenk

Ancient Civilizations | Ancient History for Kids - 1 views

www.ancienthistoryforkids.com/ancient-egypt

Egypt Civilization

shared by jclenk on 10 Mar 22 - No Cached
  • This massive&nbsp;Arid climate&nbsp;makes it a strange place for a large population of people
  • It flows north through the Sahara creating a long oasis in the desert eventually dumping into the Mediterranean Sea
  • The Nile River is the world’s longest river
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • The Nile is divided into sections by&nbsp;cataracts. &nbsp;A cataract is a rocky area that creates a waterfall or rapids. &nbsp;There are six cataracts in the Nile river.
  • &nbsp;As the water level lowered, it would leave behind rich fertile soil for farmers
  • Fresh water, irrigation, fertile soil--this is why people called it the "gift" of the Nile.
  • Around 6000 BCE the climate began to change, which might explain why many humans changed from hunting and gathering to farming. &nbsp;Before civilization, early humans came to the Nile River to hunt, fish, and gather food, but gradually as people learned to farm and domesticate animals (about 7000 BCE and 5500 BCE), and therefore live in permanent settlements, areas around the Nile became more crowded.
  • The change from nomadic hunter-gatherers to civilized living followed the same pattern as other places around the world: farming provided extra food, which allowed the division of labor, which allows the development of government and religion and creates social classes.&nbsp;
  • Historians call them Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
  • We know so much about the Egyptians because there are so many written resources and because their culture lasted so long with few interruptions
  • Another reason we know so much about Egypt is because they made their architecture out of stone, which has lasted for the most part.&nbsp;
  • Religion was a the center of Egyptian life. &nbsp;Egyptians believed in many Gods, so they were&nbsp;polytheistic.
  • Later Egyptians would call their kings “pharaoh”. &nbsp;Egyptian people believed the pharaoh was a living God, so the Egyptians developed a&nbsp;theocracy, or a government ruled by religious leaders. &nbsp;This is important to understanding why Egyptian people were so willing to give their grain to the Pharaoh and build him or her incredible temples—they thought the Pharaoh was a living God that would be with them forever in eternity.
  • The most well-known ritual was mummification. &nbsp;Egyptians believed in life after death, and they wanted the body to look life-like. &nbsp;Anyone could be mummified if they had enough money
  • Egyptians were a very advanced civilization due to their inventions and technology. &nbsp;Egyptians developed a writing system called&nbsp;hieroglyphs&nbsp;that combined pictures and symbols. &nbsp;Eventually, they created an alphabet from their symbols. &nbsp;In 1822 CE a European explorer found what is called the&nbsp;Rossetta Stone (left picture)--a stone with the same message written in 3 different languages, which finally allowed historians to translate ancient hieroglyphs. Egyptians developed a 365-day calendar and used a number system based on 10. Egyptians figured out amazing ways to cut stone to use in their temples and&nbsp;obelisks. &nbsp;An obelisk is a tall narrow monument that becomes more narrow as it goes up. &nbsp;They created a writing material similar to paper called&nbsp;papyrus&nbsp;from reeds found in the Nile. &nbsp;Egyptians were excellent ship builders and excelled at mathematics. &nbsp;They used fractions, decimals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and basic ideas of geometry. &nbsp;Egyptian art and architecture is famous and has been reused and copied by many other civilization including Greece, Rome, and even the United States
  • Egyptian life depended on what social class you were a part of.
  • At the top of society was the Pharaoh. &nbsp;Below the Pharaoh was the royal court (Pharaoh's family), high priests, government officials, and scribes and nobles (rich land owners). &nbsp;Below them were doctors and engineers, craftsman, and then farmers and unskilled workers at the bottom. &nbsp;Egyptians did use some slaves, but slavery is hardly mentioned in their writings.
  • Bread was the main food source, but they would have eaten meat during festivals.&nbsp;
  • Egypt's history is divided into six different time periods
  • creating Egypt's first dynasty. &nbsp;He defeated some enemies and united Upper and Lower Egypt into one civilization.
  • One of the first major Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom was Djoser. &nbsp;His temple was one of the first pyramids Egyptians tried to build. &nbsp;It was a "step pyramid" and it started the tradition of building pyramids as a burial ground for Pharaohs. Although the term "Pharaoh" wasn't used until much later, we will keep using it to refer to Egyptian kings.&nbsp; &nbsp;
  • Hatshepsut was a women Pharaoh. &nbsp;Her tomb is an amazingly long ramp leading to a temple that has been cut out of a mountain. &nbsp;Pharaoh Akhenaten tried to start a new religious tradition of worshipping only one God. &nbsp;Worshipping one God is called&nbsp;monotheism. &nbsp;This did not sit well with the polytheistic population that has honored many gods for thousands of years.&nbsp; After Akhenaten's death his monuments were destroyed and his name was removed from the list of kings. Years later he was often referred to as, "the enemy". Akhenaten's son would also become famous, thousands of years later when his tomb was found perfectly preserved. His name was Pharaoh&nbsp;Tutankhamen--he is known and King Tut. He became Pharaoh at age 9 or 10 and ruled for only 9 years.
John Woodbridge

Medieval beliefs about sin and forgiveness » English Lit Resources from Cross... - 1 views

www.crossref-it.info/...iefs-about-sin-and-forgiveness

Quest 5 Religion

shared by John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Sin, in Christian teaching, consists of disobedience to the known will of God
  • Medieval Church inherited and taught the doctrine of original sin, the belief that all human beings share in collective guilt as a result of the disobedience of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden in the Fall of Humankind, together with an ongoing predisposition to disobey God
  • needed to be cleansed through baptism
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • taking part in this, believers symbolically shared in the victory paid for – and won by - Christ over the power of sin (known as the atonement).
  • Celebrating mass
  • Everyone
  • sermons that people learnt Bible
  • few laypeople had direct access to the text of the Bible.
  • Sermons had several functions:
  • The idea of purgatory was based on the obvious fact that most people are neither extremely good nor extremely evil.
  • To educate people about the Christian faith and the Church’s rituals and practices To make known the contents of the Bible, the Church’s interpretations of the Bible, and also the lives of saints To help people understand the system of confession and to prepare for their confession to their parish priest in a careful way To explain about sin and virtues.
  • Venial sins were relatively small faults and shortcomings. The individual could confess these privately to God Mortal, or ‘deadly’, sins were wrong acts committed consciously and deliberately. They therefore placed the soul in serious danger and the Church taught that, in normal circumstances, they could only be forgiven through the sacrament of penance and by confession to a priest.
  • believed that being too absorbed in the life of the body and material things was bad for the soul.
  • The simple food monks and nuns were supposed to keep to The regular fasting periods that all Christians observed during the Church year.
  • repentance means the person wants to turn away from undertaking wrong behaviour and actively decides to do so henceforward.
  • The priest would hear the confession and talk to the penitent to ascertain that they truly repented and resolved to do better in future. The priest then pronounced absolution, declaring that Christ forgave the sins of the truly repentant.
  • Penance&nbsp; This means an action which demonstrates that someone has repented of their sins. The priest might order a penitent, for example, to do one of the following for a period: Go on pilgrimage Fast (abstain from food) Donate alms to the Church or the poor.
  • knowledge of the Christian faith came, above all, from preaching and teaching, week by week from parish priests.
  • people,
  • would not go straight to heaven after death either. Instead, they would spend a period in the spiritual state of purgatory where they could ‘pay for’ / atone for sins committed on earth
  • It was believed that, whilst still alive, people could undertake deeds that would speed either themselves (in the future) or a dead friend or relative through this process
  • John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13
     
    Discussion of sin, celebration of mass, importance of a sermon, confession, repentance, confession, penance, and purgatory
John Woodbridge

Medieval cuisine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Medieval_cuisine

Quest 4- Food of the Middle Ages

shared by John Woodbridge on 04 Feb 13 - Cached
    • John Woodbridge
      John Woodbridge on 04 Feb 13
       
      Good information about fasting during religious festivals
  • Nobles dined on fresh game seasoned with exotic spices, and displayed refined table manners; rough laborers could make do with coarse barley bread, salt pork and beans and were not expected to display etiquette.
  • diet of the upper classes was considered to be as much a requirement of their refined physical constitution as a sign of economic reality. The digestive system of a lord was held to be more discriminating than that of his rustic subordinates and demanded finer foods.[7]
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Europe there were typically two meals a day: dinner at mid-day and a lighter supper in the evening
  • John Woodbridge on 04 Feb 13
     
    describes what type of typical diet of every social class from peasants to kings
Tanner M

Greece Timeline - 1 views

www.ancient-greece.org/...timeline.html

timeline ancient Greece

shared by Tanner M on 16 Oct 12 - Cached
  • Evidence of food producing economy, simple hut construction, and seafaring in mainland Greece and the Aegean
    • Leah R
      Leah R on 16 Oct 12
       
      I think it's amazing how in that time, along time ago, they found the evidence for a food producing economy.
  • Tanner M on 17 Oct 12
     
    Timeline of Greece
Lauren M

The Middle Ages | Feudalism - 3 views

westernreservepublicmedia.org/...feud_nobles.htm

shared by Lauren M on 24 Jan 12 - Cached
  • You were born into a class of people and generally stayed in that class for your entire life.
  • Working hard did not change your status. Your clothing, food, marriage, homes, etc., were determined for you.
  • Fancy clothes were a status symbol. Laws were passed that forbade peasants from wearing fancy clothes, which they couldn’t afford anyway.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Nobles ate rich and fancy food prepared by the servants.
  • About 20 percent of women and 5 percent of babies died during childbirth.
  • There were plenty of toys and games. Medieval children had dolls, spinning tops, rattles, hobby horses, blocks, balls, whistles and puppets. Little girls had glass jewelry for dress-up, while little boys played with wooden soldiers, whips, toy horses and wooden swords.
  • Royal children learned a few manners, a little reading, writing and dancing.
  • At age 7, boys were sent to another castle to begin learning to become a knight.
  • At age 7, girls were sent to another castle to learn to become a lady.
  • Marriages were never based on love. They were arranged by the parents and often involved land issues and strategic bonds.
  • Girls as young as age 12 were married to anyone who met the requirements of the girl’s parents. Grooms could be from 20 years to 50 years old.
  • Women sewed, took care of children and ran the estate.
  • Clothing
  • Shai y on 24 Jan 12
     
    Great Thanks!
Amanda W

Medieval Knights - Medieval-Period.com - 3 views

www.medieval-period.com/medievalknights.html

Middle ages Knights

shared by Amanda W on 25 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • William the Conqueror
  • , the squire would kneel and be touched on the shoulders and head with a sword by a knight or royal. This process, called “dubbing”
  • Amanda W on 25 Jan 12
     
    A good site for the Knights.  There is also a little about laws, society, food, etc.
tdowd t

How Feudalism Works - 0 views

www.gohistorygo.com

Middle ages manors

shared by tdowd t on 11 Feb 14 - No Cached
  • Mind Your Manors &nbsp; In the days of decentralized government, a fief was like its own mini country that produced pretty much everything that was needed from food to weapons to tools. At the heart of a lord's fief was the manor-large estates. The manor was where the lord's family, servants, and his knights lived. At first they began as large houses, but over the years became full castles as walls, towers, and moats were added for protection. Manors were always in the country and surrounded by farmland and woods. Some of the wealthier lords even had more than one manor. &nbsp; A manor was the center of the community. Not only did it serve as a place for peasants to run to in times of war, but was the political center as well. When he wasn't out fighting for his Lord, the lord of a fief would act as a judge in settling disputes. He also appointed officials who would collect taxes and rent from the peasants and townspeople. Large manors had their own churches complete with their own clergy, as well as a marketplace where locals could buy and sell goods. At any time one time, hundreds of people from priests, knights, squires, entertainers, merchants, peasants, and visiting nobles would head to the manor. &nbsp; For the Lady of the manor her day was spent overseeing servants &amp; caring for the children. When her husband was away (or killed in battle) the Lady of the manor assumed the same roles her husband did, appointing officials and acting as judge. In the early Middle Ages a woman owning property was not all that uncommon.
  • Living in a castle might sound romantic but it's not all that it was cracked up to be. Medieval manors were built of wood and stone and built on a large scale. Glass was rare and extremely expensive so windows often were either left open or covered with cloth during the winter. The only means of heating a manor was the fireplace. Each major room had its own. The Great Room, which as its name implies was the center of manor life.  The Great Room was heated and lit by an enormous fireplace, big enough to stand in. The Great Room was where all of the eating, drinking, debating, politicking, and merry making and other business was conducted. Speaking of doing business, how did medieval people use the bathroom? All manor houses had privies either outside or inside the castle. The ones inside were nothing more than a seat that emptied directly into the moat. ​ To modern&nbsp;observers&nbsp;manors would have been filthy places. Fleas were common and the smell of hundreds of unwashed people (who often only bathed once a week) would have pervaded. Rats and mice also would have been running around as food was thrown directly on the floor during meal times. At night the servants swept the floor and rushes (dried river reeds) would be spread on the floor and all minor visitors and knights would bed down. The manor was often dark, cold, and smoky. To liven things up a bit, tapestries would be commissioned to decorate the walls.
Garth Holman

Castles in Medieval Times - 0 views

www.yourchildlearns.com/castle_history.htm

Castles Medieval times Feudalism Battles Quest3 Quest4 Quest7

shared by Garth Holman on 04 Mar 14 - Cached
  • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Large stone castles were built in Europe from about the 1100’s to about the 1500’s. These huge buildings served not only to defend the country from foreign invaders but as the basic tool in preserving the king’s and the nobles’ power over the land. The social system was very rigid in the Middle Ages.
  • Under Feudalism, the basic social structure in this time, all land was held by the king. The king gave pieces of this land to various high nobles, in return for their help in fighting his wars or in putting down rebellions. Not only did the higher nobles have to fight for the king themselves, they had to supply a certain number of lesser lords and other knights to help fight also. These higher nobles then gave some of their land to lesser knights, in return for their help in battle. Below all the knights were the serfs, who actually farmed the land. They gave a portion of their crops each year to the lord who ruled over them, in return for use of the land and protection.
  • castles as symbols of their power for all to see.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • A man’s son inherited his lands and his obligations to fight
  • The castle was both a residence for the lord and his family, and a fortification. It was a strong place for the lord to defend himself against his enemies (and the king’s enemies, and his overlord’s enemies), a safe place for him and his knights to return to, and a place to live which emphasized his power.
  • &nbsp; Castles were built to keep out enemies. When an attack was expected, the drawbridge was raised, the gates and portcullis were closed, and archers were stationed on the towers.
  • The walls were not only high, in a well-planned castle, but they were arranged as much as possible so that anyone climbing the walls could be shot at from two directions.
  • The castle’s defenses invited a great deal of ingenuity from the attackers. Rolling wooden towers, covered with thick hides to stop arrows and kept wet so they could not be set on fire, were brought up to the walls in an attack. Sometimes they even worked. Catapults threw heavy stones at the walls to make a breach or loads of rocks (or diseased livestock, or fire bombs) over the walls. The battering ram—generally used against a door—was an old favorite.
  • he knights and their servants and their mounts all had to eat, as did the lord, his family, and his servants and officials, and their families. Many castles grew certain types of food inside their walls, to add variety to the diet of those inside the castle, but it was not nearly enough to feed the people in the castle, much less their guests. Castles might have beehives, herb gardens, fruit trees or a fishpond. Because the land inside the castle walls was not enough to feed all these people, they got their food from the peasants who farmed outside, and from hunting. There were restrictions on hunting by the peasants, and sometimes it was forbidden entirely, so that the lord and his retainers would have plenty of game to hunt. Hunting was also a major recreation for the lord and his men.
Garth Holman

Facts about Ancient Greece for Kids - 2 views

primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/Greece.html

ancient greece facts

shared by Garth Holman on 22 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • The ancient Greeks developed new ideas for government, science, philosophy, religion, and art.
  • The influence of the Ancient Greeks are still felt by us today. The major impact in our lives today are in the arts, in philosophy, and in science, math, literature and politics. Trial by Jury Greek Myths Democracy The word 'democracy' is Greek. It means 'government by the people. We have a form of democracy in Britain, and this is a legacy of the Athenians and their assemblies and councils. Tragedy and Comedy
  • he first two letters of the Greek alphabet - alpha and beta - have given us the word 'alphabet'.
  • Garth Holman on 22 Oct 14
     
    Overview of several important topics: Daily life, clothes, houses, food, theatre, sports, gods, and more.... 
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