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HIPAA Survival Guide: The HIPAA Survival Guide is a set of practical help guides that seek to make compliance with HIPAA and HITECH easy for providers. This kit is some kind of checklist on what to keep in mind and implement to survive a HIPAA audit. The HIPAA Survival Guide was created as a need to comply with the HIPAA audit requirements. It evolved as a response to simplifying the HIPAA Privacy Rule and HIPAA Security Rule without its legal complexity. In other words, the framers of this Guide have developed this concept strictly as a guide, rather than as a legally enforceable set of rules. "Forest from the trees" approach: The HIPAA Survival Guide came into being in order to help users understand HIPAA and HITECH better. The approach the developers of this Guide adapted was what was called the "forest from the trees" way, because the aim was to help users navigate and wade through the complex text. It was aimed at helping them chaff and finesse the parts that required their compliance into simple terms. HIPAA Survival Guide is thus not a strict, legislative Act that lays down rules for conformity. No wonder, it was developed by the joint efforts of a Registered Nurse and an Attorney, who wanted to facilitate a greater understanding of the legislation's audit requirements. The basis on which this Guide came into existence was the HIPAA and HITECH background. It concerns itself with only the part of HIPAA and HITECH relating to a part of Covered Entities, namely providers. This is deliberate, since the aim of this Guide is to help small providers with guidelines aimed at simplifying their task. Important steps for HIPAA survival: The fundamental goal of the HIPAA Survival Guide is to equip providers with the knowledge of what needs to be kept in order and fine-tuned if they have to meet regulatory requirements. These are the thumb rules for the HIPAA Survival Guide: Documenting the provider's privacy, security and breach policies and revie

Hospital Management : The growth and development of hospitals has led to an altogether specialized discipline -hospital management. Hospital management is about coordinating the various functions of a hospital and ensuring optimal healthcare to patients and other stakeholders. Hospital Management has come a long way from being a supplementary duty that senior doctors handled with ease, to being a full-fledged specialization in itself. Hospital management is an altogether fully developed specialist profession whose managers are well qualified. Many institutions today offer courses on hospital management. The relationship of hospital management to the area of management rather than to the medical field can be understood from the fact that many hospital managers are from a purely management background, and have little knowledge of medical science. Many hospital management institutions offer an MBA. They also offer courses on specialized subunits of hospital management, such as hospital financial management, healthcare system management, hospital human resources management, etc. This is because hospitals have evolved over time. They are now ultra-specialist healthcare providers that use the latest technologies. A hospital could use anything from billing software to highly sophisticated technology used in its medical devices. A hospital management specialist needs to be not only aware of these uses; she also needs to be/have all these: A good administrator who handles staff; A deep knowledge of the information systems; A good grip on all the systems that need to be coordinated thoroughly if the hospital needs to function smoothly without any hassles; Dealing with facilities for patients. Hospital Management can thus be understood as being the facilitator between a healthcare setting and those who need these services. It is about ensuring that all the administrative elements of a healthcare setting function in unison to ensure provision of accountable healthcare.

What is HIPAA ? Compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a core requirement of the stakeholders involved in health information. HIPAA has prescribed standards with which to protect critical data relating to patients. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are important documents that contain sensitive patient data, and are thus considered Protected Health Information (PHI). Since this data is accessible to a number of players involved in the field of healthcare; it extremely important to set regulatory guidelines aimed at ensuring that patient information remains protected. HIPAA compliance is essentially about staying in compliance with these guidelines. Measures needed to show compliance with HIPAA HIPAA requires a healthcare organization dealing with PHI to implement all of the following measures and comply with them: Physical measures Network measures, and Process security measures The role of HIPAA Privacy Rule and HIPAA Security Rule HIPAA has set out two important rules that pertain to compliance. These are the HIPAA Privacy Rule and the HIPAA Security Rule. While the Privacy Rule relates to how the medical information of a patient is saved, accessed and shared; the Security Rule is about how to implement national security safeguards for protecting electronic PHI, or ePHI. Who all need to be HIPAA compliant? Since the aim of HIPAA compliance is to ensure complete safety of patient data, it has requirements for every stakeholder in the EHR process. These stakeholders comprise: Covered Entities (CE): Anyone involved in the treatment, payment and operations in healthcare Business Associates (BA): Any person who has access to patient information and is involved in supporting treatment, payment or operations. These include third-party administrators and private sector vendors Those with whom BA's work, or those that are called subcontractors Hosting providers. These typically include healthcare software pro

Overview: Discussions, presentation, and webinars regarding HIPAA regulations are usually addressed from the perspective of what the regulations entail, the necessity of compliance with the regulations, and the consequences of willful neglect or non-compliance. This presentation addresses HIPAA regulations from a different perspective - from a personal perspective - from the perspective of the person in charge of moving an organization or facility toward full compliance with HIPAA. The by-product of this presentation will be both an understanding of, and a detailed job description for, a position mandated in the regulations - the HIPAA Security/Privacy Officer. Why should you attend: The HIPAA regulations are numerous, complicated, often vague, and affect every person working in a healthcare facility. Compliance with HIPAA will require a unique individual to lead the charge - an individual whose education, background, experience, and demonstrated skill sets offer the opportunity for that person to succeed in achieving the goals of that position. This is a new position to most healthcare facilities. So understanding who this person should be, what is required of the person with this job title, and with whom this person will interface is vital to every healthcare organization with the goal of achieving full compliance with HIPAA. Areas Covered in the Session: Position goals Position requirements (education, experience, skill sets, etc.) Position responsibilities Stay abreast of regulations Initiate compliance with HIPAA (according to regulations) Ensure continuous progress toward full compliance Develop appropriate security/privacy policies & procedures Oversee and deliver appropriate training programs to all employees Track compliance with HIPAA regulations at the facility & individual levels Track access to PHI Investigate and resolve HIPAA violations Apply sanctions to HIPAA violators Manage any information security personnel Prepare a department budget Hold Bu

Quality Management in Healthcare: Quality management in healthcare is a critical requirement for healthcare organizations. Making quality management patient-centric comes first. Adapting and implementing standards and tools is the next step towards this. Quality management in healthcare is of critical importance to the healthcare industry and the patient. Everyone in the loop -from physicians to practitioners to support staff -needs to be aware of the importance of quality management in healthcare. The most basic purpose of imparting high quality management in healthcare is to make sure that the patient is well taken care of. For this to happen, the healthcare setting has to implement systems and processes. Quality management centers on process management. If organizations have to ensure that meaningful quality management in healthcare is being implemented; they have to adhere to processes. Adapting standards and instilling processes into the healthcare system is how healthcare providers can assure quality in healthcare. Patient is at the center of quality management in healthcare: Obviously, the first step in the direction of implementing quality management in healthcare is to make the healthcare setting's care and processes patient-oriented and patient-centric. Quality management in healthcare begins with the patient and should be fully tuned to her needs. As patients' requirements and expectations vary over time; quality management has to keep upgrading itself to keep up with the changing needs and demands. In line with this, the following means can go a long way in ensuring quality management in healthcare: The healthcare setting has to identify goals for ensuring quality management in healthcare. Each department has to be given measurable goals to reach. Implementing quality standards goes a long way in ensuring that quality management in healthcare is imparted in the organization. Six Sigma, ISO 9001 and ANOVA are some of the popular standards and tools t

Health Information Security Compliance: Health information security compliance requirements from HIPAA keep risk management at the core. These requirements also have other guidelines. Health information security compliance is a vital requirement for healthcare providers. Healthcare professionals have to ensure security and privacy of Protected Health Information (PHI) and Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI), which are part of Electronic Health Records (EHR). The guidelines, rules and requirements are mandated by HIPAA, which is in charge of ensuring that there is privacy and security of health information. Challenges associated with health information security compliance The very fact that a lot of health information is stored in electronic records makes health information security compliance all the more challenging. The way in which information flows between various players in the sector is also a factor: shared computers and information sharing with third party associates like laboratories and billers. If a healthcare organization is not compliant with health information security, it could be held indirectly responsible for issues arising out of these. HIPAA has regulations and guidelines on how providers can keep PHI and ePHI. It suggests and strongly recommends risk analysis as the basis for health information security compliance. These are set out in the Meaningful Use requirements. Some of risk analysis methods include or relate to the following: The provider's EHR software and hardware Assessment of whether the provider's practice protocols are adequate Risk assessment of the provider's physical setting and environment Risk assessment relating to staff education and training A thorough examination of EHR access controls Risk management relating to contracts with the provider's Business Associates The healthcare provider's practices in relation to patient relations and communications Physical measures for ensuring health information security c

Overview: Hospital chargemasters are complex and represent a key component for the revenue cycle of hospitals. Chargemasters are intertwined with coding for services, billing for services, charging for services and even involve the cost reporting process. A myriad of decisions must be made concerning how the chargemaster is organized, impacts on coding and billing, charge structuring, cost accounting, and other processes within the revenue cycle. Whenever decisions are made, policies and procedures should be developed, approved and implemented. A proper system of billing and chargemaster policies and procedures can help to maintain an appropriate compliance stance in a world where ambiguous guidance is often the norm. The development of charges and charge structuring within the chargemaster is a major issue often referred to as transparent pricing. While even the Medicare program maintains that hospitals should charge for everything, the way in which charges are set and amalgamated at the claim level can vary significantly between hospitals. A key issue for the chargemaster is differentiating separately charging from separately reporting. The way in which hospitals make decisions about the bundling of charges at the line-item level within the chargemaster leads to many decisions, all of which need justification through proper policies and procedures. Due consideration must be given to departmental concerns about revenue generation, cost reporting implications, coding implications and any associate challenges with billing and claims filing. Why should you Attend: See Typical Questions - Here are some reworded marketing questions: Why are the chargemaster and hospital billing targets of compliance audits? How should we prioritize statutory and contractual compliance for the chargemaster and billing process? Will chargemaster and associated billing policies and procedures give us protection relative to compliance? How should we develop a system of chargemaster po

Overview: Today's educated professionals function in a maze of different educational and training requirements, which vary from state to state and from profession to profession. Nowhere than in health care is this more evident where multidisciplinary health care practitioners work together towards a common goal for the patient. What is a profession? What areas of work require the unique professional education, training, and experience that becomes mandated by the state? What work requires professional judgment and skill so as to be regulated by the government through mandatory laws applicable to an individual person practicing his or her chosen profession? State laws are enacted for the protection of the public by legislatures in all the fifty states. A list of individual professions and their applicable statues and administrative regulations takes up entire volumes of lawbooks. These state laws impose significant regulation on these professionals, and often in very different ways found in many aspects of state regulation, from the educational process, the examination requirements, the state licensure applications, and the legal standards and rules of each unique profession. Explore how state licensure boards are created and function at the state level. While most such state agencies have common, core functions and operations, there are many differences - and some requirements that are truly the opposite from profession to profession. Review the common requirements the state imposes on the health care provider. Know the basics of professional education and licensure. Understand the difference between legally binding laws and mere codes of ethics, which are aspirational and do not form the basis for legal action. Find out how to understand and navigate the challenges presented from differing and conflicting state laws governing the many health care professions. Know where key requirements exist that are common to many professions. This program

Overview: Today's educated professionals function in a maze of different educational and training requirements, which vary from state to state and from profession to profession. Nowhere than in health care is this more evident where multidisciplinary health care practitioners work together towards a common goal for the patient. What is a profession? What areas of work require the unique professional education, training, and experience that becomes mandated by the state? What work requires professional judgment and skill so as to be regulated by the government through mandatory laws applicable to an individual person practicing his or her chosen profession? State laws are enacted for the protection of the public by legislatures in all the fifty states. A list of individual professions and their applicable statues and administrative regulations takes up entire volumes of lawbooks. These state laws impose significant regulation on these professionals, and often in very different ways found in many aspects of state regulation, from the educational process, the examination requirements, the state licensure applications, and the legal standards and rules of each unique profession. Explore how state licensure boards are created and function at the state level. While most such state agencies have common, core functions and operations, there are many differences - and some requirements that are truly the opposite from profession to profession. Review the common requirements the state imposes on the health care provider. Know the basics of professional education and licensure. Understand the difference between legally binding laws and mere codes of ethics, which are aspirational and do not form the basis for legal action. Find out how to understand and navigate the challenges presented from differing and conflicting state laws governing the many health care professions. Know where key requirements exist that are common to many professions. This program

Tynor Walker Boot Tynor Walker Boot is designed for rehabilitation after injury, fracture , sprains or surgery of foot, ankle or lower leg. The boots provide support to the ankle and leg without inhibiting mobility. They can be a substitute for cast or can be used in case of early cast removal. With a wider rocker bottom, these boots promote a natural gait, reduced plantar pressure, enhanced stability and comfort to the lower leg. Light weight. Sturdy Support. Enhanced mobility. Maintains normal gait. Tynor Walker Boot Features Moulded foot Improves gait Rocker sole-helps in easy ambulation Offers stabilization of the foot ankle and the lower leg Comfortable positioning and protection of the foot Aluminum lateral bars Rigid support-Improved immobilization of the ankle and the lower leg Malleable, shape can be customized for better fitting and support Foam liner and Pad set Ensure extreme comfort Ensure perfect fit of the leg in the orthosis. Hook Loop system Easy removal and application of the product Allows wound inspection Allows personal hygiene Perfect fitting of the product Improved stabilization.

Personal alarms are used by elderly living alone to provide them security and safety, and to their carers to feel safe in the event of a fall or accident. They are inexpensive, easy to set-up and use.

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Telephones for the elderly & hard of hearing and for the disabled are available at HomeCare Technologies, with a wide choice of features and accessories, that makes day to day communication much easier for all. They are affordable, easy to use and set up. Particularly helpful for people with dementia, memory loss or forgetfulness.

Quality Assurance in Nursing Healthcare: Quality assurance in nursing is about assuring quality in nursing by ensuring that practices are compliant with quality standards. This is a full-fledged profession with its own educational and experience requirements. Quality assurance in nursing has to be understood from the standpoint of quality assurance and compliance. Quality assurance in nursing is about ensuring adherence to quality standards as mandated by nursing regulatory bodies. Quality assurance in nursing assesses what healthcare processes are in place and what else needs to be implemented to better the system. Where do quality assurance nurses work? Professionals who make a career out of quality assurance in nursing are employed in various healthcare settings. They could work in clinics or small or large hospitals. Professionals who make a career in quality assurance in nursing are licensed registered nurses. Since they are registered nurses, they should also obtain a licentiate. To get this, they should complete a prerequisite approved nursing program. The exam for getting licensure is the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN), a computer-based examination. A higher level of education for those in quality assurance in nursing is a master's degrees inhealth care quality or a near degree. In some healthcare organizations, this is required at entry level. Some of the works they do in maintaining quality assurance in nursing include: Reviewing reports or files to make sure that activities contained in them are following regulatory clinical standards Collaborating with colleagues from other departments to which nursing is related either directly or indirectly Interacting with other hospitals or organizations, if the need arises For professionals pursuing a career in quality assurance in nursing, the ability to analyze data and manage cases is a must, as a major part of their work involves these. They should also be prompt abou

Overview: Today's educated professionals function in a maze of different educational and training requirements, which vary from state to state and from profession to profession. Nowhere than in health care is this more evident where multidisciplinary health care practitioners work together towards a common goal for the patient. What is a profession? What areas of work require the unique professional education, training, and experience that becomes mandated by the state? What work requires professional judgment and skill so as to be regulated by the government through mandatory laws applicable to an individual person practicing his or her chosen profession? State laws are enacted for the protection of the public by legislatures in all the fifty states. A list of individual professions and their applicable statues and administrative regulations takes up entire volumes of lawbooks. These state laws impose significant regulation on these professionals, and often in very different ways found in many aspects of state regulation, from the educational process, the examination requirements, the state licensure applications, and the legal standards and rules of each unique profession. Explore how state licensure boards are created and function at the state level. While most such state agencies have common, core functions and operations, there are many differences - and some requirements that are truly the opposite from profession to profession. Review the common requirements the state imposes on the health care provider. Know the basics of professional education and licensure. Understand the difference between legally binding laws and mere codes of ethics, which are aspirational and do not form the basis for legal action. Find out how to understand and navigate the challenges presented from differing and conflicting state laws governing the many health care professions. Know where key requirements exist that are common to many professions. This program offers an obje

Overview: Learn how to improve your healthcare compliance program by using requirements found in corporate integrity agreements (CIAs) issued by the OIG. By proactively incorporating various features of CIAs, healthcare providers of all types can be better assured of meeting compliance standards. While there are many different types of healthcare compliance issues, probably the area of most concern is that of properly filing claims and receiving appropriate reimbursement. The OIG has issued various types of guidance including Federal Register entries, fraud alerts, and issues as listed in the OIG Work Plans. By providing such guidance, the OIG has given healthcare providers notice so that there can be no defense of not knowing about an issue. By organizing your compliance program to detect and then correcting various types of issues is a major objective of having a compliance program. Understanding systematic processes for improving your healthcare compliance program using CIA requirements can forestall possible criminal and civil monetary penalties. The hundreds of CIAs that have been developed when the OIG detects fraudulent activities can be used as a guide for developing and improving healthcare compliance programs for all types of healthcare providers. The process of statistical extrapolation is used by the OIG when conducting studies in order to determine recoupment amounts. Statistical extrapolation can also be used by healthcare providers when determining possible overpayments. However, the proper use of statistical extrapolation is a formal and complex mathematical process that must be properly applied. The OIG CIAs provide another resource for healthcare providers to study, understand, and then apply as appropriate. Why should you Attend: What are the OIG Corporate Integrity Agreements (CIAs)? Why does the OIG issue CIAs? Can I use general requirements from CIA to avoid monetary penalties or even avoid going to jail? Can any healthcare provider use

Overview: Today's health care delivery occurs in a diverse, fast-changing, multidisciplinary health care environment. This often presents challenges to the health care professional that are not easy to navigate. Medical records and their confidentiality have long been the exclusive province of state law, but has now been recognized for some time in the federal HIPAA statutes and federal regulations. Differing and even conflicting sources of requirements at the state level still exist for the retention and disposition of medical records. These sources may vary based upon the specific health care practitioner - whether physicians, dentists, psychologists, or other health care providers, including mental health practitioners. As to the specific, individual health care practitioner, state laws mandate their confidentiality, retention, and even their specific content with regards to patient, clinical records. In addition to these clinical requirements, additional state laws set forth the content and retention of other types of records kept by the professional, such as supervisory agreements with other professionals subordinate to them as well as their own unique record content requirements. With the majority of medical records moving to an electronic format, special rules now exist with regard to the confidentiality, security, retention, and disposition of electronic medical records. This is particularly important as state laws continue to allow for and regulate the provision of telemedicine by various health care practitioners. For example, while psychotherapy and mental health services are ideal treatments to offer over the internet, that is, by simultaneous audio-visual transmission between the doctor and the patient, the risks of breaches of confidentiality also vastly increase. And when the successful doctor-patient relationship is over, how does the health care practitioner providing a mental health service dispose of these electronic records? In addition to

Implementation of Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Research is critical One of the prime areas of clinical studies is regulatory aspects of clinical research. This applies in almost equal measure to medical research as a whole. The FDA and other regulatory bodies have spelt out a number of regulations that have to be complied with if the clinical research is to be approved. These regulatory requirements cover all aspects of clinical research. A look at some of these regulatory aspects would be instructive: FDA requirements on regulatory aspects of clinical research The FDA has an exhaustive list of regulations relating to Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the area which forms the backbone of regulatory aspects of clinical research. The FDA has a series of regulations that are aimed at bringing in discipline and process into clinical research. It implements all the laws relating to GCP passed by the American Congress. At present, there are a huge number of regulatory standards and requirements that have to be complied with by those undertaking clinical research in the US. These regulations are codified in the 21 CFR series. Notable sections of the 21 CFR series relating to regulatory aspects of clinical research include: 21 CFR Part 11 21 CFR Part 16 21 CFR Part 50 21 CFR Parts 50 and 56 21 CFR Part 54 21 CFR Part 58 21 CFR Part 312 21 CFR 312.120 21 CFR Part 314 21 CFR Part 320 21 CFR Part 511 21 CFR Part 514 21 CFR Part 601 21 CFR Part 812 21 CFR Part 814 EU requirements on regulatory aspects of clinical research In the EU, the core aspect of regulatory aspects of clinical research relates to the primary importance given to the subjects in a clinical research. For example, regulatory aspects of clinical research France are guided by the Public Health Code and Civil Code. This Code contains a list of regulatory conditions clinicians are obliged to adhere to. These regulations are to be monitored by a number of regulation enforcement bodies that the French governm

Overview: As the healthcare industry moves toward a value based reimbursement model rather than fee for service, it is crucial that the provider and ancillary staff understand how ineffective reporting can lead to dollars lost. We will review the 3 critical areas that require skilled management. Understand that patients are more educated about their healthcare and are increasingly responsible for more out of pocket costs. High dollar deductibles may result in self pay realities and bad debt increases. Learn areas that increase your chances for an audit. Are you ready for the challenge? Why should you Attend: Revenue is dependent upon proficiency in multiple areas. In today's environment, it is risky to maintain the status quo and increasingly important to obtain and maintain skilled business staff. The granularity of the ICD-10 code set requires understanding of the official coding conventions and guidelines, the ability to apply those guidelines, and the ability to recognize when reporting may lead to revenue delay, reduction or loss. Additionally, other factors affect your revenue stream. This includes patients with high deductible plans, collection of much more than a small co-pay, and staff understanding of regulations that govern telephone collection activity. Don't leave money on the table or invite an audit into your practice. Audits are often the result of weak billing and coding skills. This program will review several areas that will cost you money if poorly handled. Areas Covered in the Session: Required specificity in coding Documentation necessary for ICD-10 reporting Why coders must frequently query for clarification How ambiguous diagnosis reporting affects you r bottom line Internal collections versus outsourcing. What should you consider Staff effective in handling problem claims? Developing appeals? Who Will Benefit: Coders Billers Revenue cycle Physicians Mid-level providers Nurses Claims follow-up Managers Managers Speaker Profil

Overview: Participants will understand the importance of responding to the OCR pre-audit requests and how to respond. Our discussion will cover how to prepare for an anticipated OCR HIPAA privacy audit, by discussing how to conduct an internal self-assessment of your privacy program. We will discuss how to conduct the self-assessment, whether it be the need for policies, procedures or obtaining all of your business associates information. Why should you Attend: If you have received a request from the OCR to provide the name of your entities privacy official and additional criteria, you are already aware that you are on the OCR's radar and may be the focus of an audit. If you haven't received a request yet, anticipate receiving one soon. In addition to ensuring that your HIPAA program is audit ready, you also need to ensure that you know all of your business associates and have their information readily available to provide to the OCR. Your entity needs to be ready now, as the OCR will either conduct focused desk audits, on-site audits or both in effort to review documentation of evidence of your compliance with the HIPAA regulation. Areas Covered in the Session: Office of Civil Rights "OCR" requests for privacy official and additional information and timeline for response Internal assessment criteria of privacy program in anticipation of an OCR audit Conducting the assessment using the template based upon HIPAA regulations Discuss methods to address any found deficiencies Workforce training Who Will Benefit: Healthcare providers Compliance and Internal Audit professionals or office staff responsible for ensuring patient privacy Healthcare Administrators Business Associates and all HIPAA Covered Entities Speaker Profile Gail Madison Brown is a registered nurse and an attorney with over 25 years of experience in health care. For the last 15 years she has focused on health care compliance and revenue cycle management operations. Gail's experience ranges

Rationale for Clinical Trial Regulations Clinical trials, as we all know, are carried out to test the efficacy of a new drug or device being developed for a specific condition or disease. Clinical trials are experiments that have a high degree of risk if they are not properly implemented. For this reason, it is necessary for regulatory bodies to regulate clinical trials. The core rationale for regulating the various stages of clinical trials is that human subjects, who are part of the research, have to be protected. These clinical trial regulations are legislated at all stages: local, State, national and international. Clinical trial regulations are in force in different countries of the world. Common clinical trial regulations are also made globally by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), which has the mandate of setting out good practices for clinical trial regulations for trials done in global cooperation. These regulations cover the administrative, procedural and ethical aspects of clinical trials. Briefly, these are the areas in which there are clinical trial regulations for each of these aspects of clinical trials: Administrative: The administrative aspects of clinical trial regulations pertain to the way the clinical trials are run, and the way they are tracked and monitored throughout their lifecycle. A clinical trial is usually monitored by a sponsoring company or a Contract Research Organization (CRO), which the former hires at times for reasons of convenience and cost cutting. Clinical trial regulations in this area is obviously of importance because if something goes wrong at any administrative stage; these can be rectified. Procedural: Procedural aspects of clinical trial regulations relate to ways by which subjects are chosen for a clinical trial. Proper care has to be taken to ensure that the subjects are appropriate for the clinical study, are from the prescribed age, geographical, demographic, racial and gender-related cl