The majority of graphic designers have a four-year degree, usually in product design, art,
or art history. Graphic designers must have talent and an understanding of the business
world, including issues of finance and production, and should be familiar with computer
software such as InDesign, Quark XPress, Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and other painting
and graphic design tools. Graphic designers must be able to work in a variety of media and
meet deadlines, sizing limits, and financial restrictions, especially those designers who wish
to work as freelance graphic designers rather than in-house salaried designers. Basic pre-professional
coursework should include design, drawing, computer artwork, and specific knowledge
(for example, anatomy for medical graphics designers) relating to any area of specialization.
Professionals must assemble a working portfolio to approach companies for work of
any scale. For individuals who wish to pursue further study, more than 100 schools offer
accredited graphic design programs, according to the National Association of Schools of Art
and Design, and each addresses issues of the working life of the graphic designer along with
issues of design.