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Paul F

Munich Massacre - 0 views

  • The Munich Massacre was a terrorist attack during the 1972 Olympic Games. Eight Palestinian terrorists killed two members of the Israeli Olympic team and then took nine others hostage. The situation was ended by a huge gunfight that left five of the terrorists and all of the nine hostages dead. Following the massacre, the Israeli government organized a retaliation against Black September, called Operation Wrath of God.
  • The XXth Olympic Games were held in Munich, Germany in 1972. Tensions were high at these Olympics, because they were the first Olympic Games held in Germany since the Nazis hosted the Games in 1936. The Israeli athletes and their trainers were especially nervous; many had family members who had been murdered during the Holocaust or were them
  • selves Holocaust
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  • survivors.
  • By 5:10 a.m., the police had been alerted and news of the attack had begun to spread around the world. The terrorists then dropped a list of their demands out the window; they wanted 234 prisoners released from Israeli prisons and two from German prisons by 9 a.m.
  • Negotiators were able to extend the deadline to noon, then 1 p.m., then 3 p.m., then 5 p.m.; however, the terrorists refused to back down on their demands and Israel refused to release the prisoners. A confrontation became inevitable.
  • At 5 p.m., the terrorists realized that their demands
  • were not going to be met. They asked for two planes to fly both the terrorists and the hostages to Cairo, Egypt, hoping a new locale would help get their demands met. The German officials agreed, but realized that they could not let the terrorists leave Germany. Desperate to end the standoff, the Germans organized Operation Sunshine, which was a plan to storm the apartment building. The terrorists discovered the plan by watching television. The Germans then planned to attack the terrorists on their way to the airport, but again the terrorists found out their plans.
  • Around 10:30 p.m., the terrorists and hostages were transported to the Fürstenfeldbruck airport by helicopter
Gracie M

East Germany begins construction of the Berlin Wall - History.com This Day in History -... - 0 views

  • the communist government of East Germany begins building the Berlin Wall to divide East and West Berlin.
  • wall itself came to symbolize the Cold War.
  • Throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s, thousands of people from East Berlin crossed over into West Berlin to reunite with families and escape communist repression
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  • the government of East Germany, on the night of August 12, 1961, began to seal off all points of entrance into West Berlin from East Berlin by stringing barbed wire and posting sentries.
  • President John F. Kennedy believed that "A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war."
  • sealing off the two sections of Berlin.
  • Commanders of U.S. troops in West Berlin even began to make plans to bulldoze the wall,
  • concrete block wall began, complete with sentry towers and minefields around it.
  • attempt to reassure the West Germans that the United States was not abandoning them, Kennedy traveled to the Berlin Wall in June 1963, and famously declared, "Ich bin ein Berliner!" ("I am a Berliner!").
  • Since the word "Berliner" was commonly referred to as a jelly doughnut throughout most of Germany, Kennedy's improper use of German grammar was also translated as "I am a jelly doughnut."
  • meaning that he stood together with West Berlin in its rivalry with communist East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic was understood by the German people.
  • the Berlin Wall became a physical symbol of the Cold War.
  • During the lifetime of the wall, nearly 80 people were killed trying to escape from East to West Berlin.
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    Building of the Berlin Wall
Xavier W

O. J. Simpson was arrested for double murder - National this day in history | Examiner.com - 0 views

  • June 17, 1994: Orenthal James (O.J.) Simpson is arrested for a double murder. Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were brutally murdered outside Nicole's apartment on June 12, 1994. Both victims were repeatedly stabbed and both had defensive wounds, attesting to their struggle in the attack.
  • Police permitted him to turn himself in, thinking he was not a flight risk. O.J. was to be at the police station at 11 AM on this date. He didn't show.
  • At 2 PM, the police issued an all-points bulletin for O.J. His lawyer and friend read a disjointed and confusing letter from the ex-football star that sounded like a suicide note. The police tracked cellular phone calls to find Simpson. They found his friend, Al Cowlings, driving a white Ford Bronco heading south on Interstate 405. When police approached the SUV, Cowlings told them O.J. was in the back seat, holding a gun to his own head. Police backed away.
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  • Police followed the white Bronco down the freeway at speeds of only 35 mph. At the beginning of the low-speed chase, a lone helicopter flew above and filmed the event. As the pursuit continued, other film crews took to the air and radio announcers pleaded with O.J. to give himself up. The roadway was cleared of traffic and the country watched as a phalanx of police cruisers paced the SUV. The chase ended at 8 PM when O.J. was taken into custody outside his home.
  • "The day you take complete responsibility for yourself, the day you stop making any excuses, that's the day you start to the top." "I didn't beat her. I just pushed her out of bed." "I have always wanted to be liked and respected."
  • "Don't feel sorry for me. I've had a great life, great friends. Please think of the real O.J. and not this lost person." - all from O.J. Simpson
  • "Don't feel sorry for me. I've had a great life, great friends. Please think of the real O.J. and not this lost person." -
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    O.J. Simpson arrested for double murder.
Paul F

Kent State Shootings - 2 views

  • On May 4, 1970, Ohio National Guardsmen were on the Kent State college campus to maintain order during a student protest against the Vietnam War.
  • Protests by students at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio began on May 1, 1970. At noon, students held a protest rally on campus and later that night rioters built a bonfire and threw beer bottles at police off campus. The mayor declared a state of emergency and asked the governor for help. The governor sent in the Ohio National Guard.
  • On May 2, 1970, during a protest near the ROTC building on campus, someone set fire to the abandoned building. The National Guard entered the campus and used tear gas to control the crowd.
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  • On May 4, 1970, another student rally was scheduled for noon at the Commons on the Kent State University campus. Before the rally began, the National Guard ordered those congregated to disperse. Since the students refused to leave, the National Guard attempted to use tear gas on the crowd.
  • Because of the shifting wind, the tear gas was ineffective at moving the crowd of students. The National Guard then advanced upon the crowd, with bayonets attached to their rifles. This scattered the crowd. After dispersing the crowd, the National Guardsmen stood around for about ten minutes and then turned around and began to retrace their steps.
Gracie M

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - 1 views

  • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
  • the Court held that racial segregation purported to be "separate but equal" was constitutional. 
  • The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights.
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  • summer of 1963.
  • The changes strengthened President Kennedy's original proposal in response to the tumultuous summer of 1963,which saw several incidents of racially motivated violence across the South.  The House Judiciary Committee approved the legislation on October 26, 1963, and formally reported it to the full House on November 20, 1963, just two days before President Kennedy was assassinated.  On November 27, 1963, President Lyndon Johnson asserted his commitment to President Kennedy's legislative agenda, particularly civil rights legislation.  The House of Representatives passed a final version of the Civil Rights Act on February 10, 1964.
  • The bill came before the Senate in February 1964. 
  • Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield filed a procedural motion to prevent the Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • The Senate began debate on the proposal on March 30, 1964.
  • Senator Edward Kennedy, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, dedicated his first speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate to the consideration of the Civil Rights Act. 
  • passed on June 19, 1964, by a vote of 73 to 27. 
  • The Civil Rights Act paved the way for future anti-discrimination legislation, including the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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    Information on the Civil Rights Act
Nick B

FDR dies - History.com This Day in History - 4/12/1945 - 0 views

  • On this day in 1945, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt passes away after four momentous terms in office, leaving Vice President Harry S. Truman in charge of a country still fighting the Second World War and in possession of a weapon of unprecedented and terrifying power.
  • it was about 1 p.m. that the president suddenly complained of a terrific pain in the back of my head and collapsed unconscious. One of the women summoned a doctor, who immediately recognized the symptoms of a massive cerebral hemorrhage and gave the president a shot of adrenaline into the heart in a vain attempt to revive him.
  • Eleanor delivered her speech that afternoon and was listening to a piano performance when she was summoned back to the White House. In her memoirs, she recalled that ride to the White House as one of dread, as she knew in her heart that her husband had died.
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  • By 3:30 p.m., though, doctors in Warm Springs had pronounced the president dead.
  • Eleanor then phoned their four sons, who were all on active military duty. At 5:30 pm, she greeted Vice President Harry Truman, who had not yet been told the news. A calm and quiet Eleanor said, "Harry, the president is dead." He asked if there was anything he could do for her, to which she replied, "Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now."
  • Indeed, Truman had rather large shoes to fill. FDR had presided over the Great Depression and most of World War II, leaving an indelible stamp on American politics for several decades.
  • Thousands of Americans lined the tracks to bid Roosevelt farewell while a slow train carried his coffin from Warm Springs to Washington, D.C. After a solemn state funeral, he was buried at his family's home in Hyde Park, New York.
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    This website tells you about the death of FDR and the effect it had on his family friends and the vice president.
Nick B

Happy Birthday, Chuck Yeager, American Pioneer of Flight - 0 views

  • Born on Feb. 13, 1923, and raised in the hills of West Virginia near the town of Myra, Charles “Chuck” Yeager entered military service as soon as he could, joining 17 classmates who enlisted after high school graduation to fight in World War II.
  • Breaking the Sound Barrier
  • Assigned to a host of test flights, Yeager was soon selected as pilot during the Air Force’s attempt to break the sound barrier; he would fly a super-sonic plane called the X-1, nicknamed Glamorous Glennis in honor of his wife. Rocket-like and so tight and compact that it had to be dropped from a cargo plane to conserve fuel, the X-1 was the United States’s chance to top Mach 1.
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  • Pushing the plane to Mach 1.05, Yeager witnessed the sky turn a “deep purple and all at once the stars and the moon came out—the sun shone at the same time. … He was simply looking out into space,” according to Tom Wolfe’s “The Right Stuff,” chronicling America’s race for space exploration.
  • Recognized within the Air Force for his achievements, it was not until Tom Wolfe’s book was published in 1979, and the movie version was released in 1983, that Yeager’s name became internationally known.
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    This website talks about Chuck Yeager's history and his famous accomplishments, like breaking the sound barrier. 
Xavier W

HubbleSite - The Telescope - Hubble Essentials - 0 views

  • since the time of Galileo, astronomers have shared a single goal — to see more, see farther, see deeper.
  • The Hubble Space Telescope's launch in 1990 sped humanity to one of its greatest advances in that journey.
  • Hubble is a telescope that orbits Earth.
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  • Hubble is one of NASA's most successful and long-lasting science missions.
  • Its position above the atmosphere, which distorts and blocks the light that reaches our planet, gives it a view of the universe that typically far surpasses that of ground-based telescopes.
  • Hubble's discoveries have transformed the way scientists look at the universe.
  • Among its many discoveries, Hubble has revealed the age of the universe to be about 13 to 14 billion years
  • Hubble has shown scientists galaxies in all stages of evolution, including toddler galaxies that were around when the universe was still young, helping them understand how galaxies form. It found protoplanetary disks, clumps of gas and dust around young stars that likely function as birthing grounds for new planets. It discovered that gamma-ray bursts — strange, incredibly powerful explosions of energy — occur in far-distant galaxies when massive stars collapse. And these are only a handful of its many contributions to astronomy.
  • More than 10,000 scientific articles have been published based on Hubble data.
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    Launch Of Hubble Telescope - Everything to know
Nick B

The Manhattan Project - 0 views

  • Einstein's 1939 letter helped initiate the U.S. effort to build an atomic bomb, but work proceeded slowly at first. Two other findings in 1940 and 1941 demonstrated conclusively that the bomb was feasible and made building the bomb a top priority for the United States: the determination of the "critical mass" of uranium needed and the confirmation that plutonium could undergo fission and be used in a bomb. In December 1941, the government launched the Manhattan Project, the scientific and military undertaking to develop the bomb.
  • Einstein wrote to U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to warn him that the Nazis were working on a new and powerful weapon: an atomic bomb. Fellow physicist Leo Szilard urged Einstein to send the letter and helped him draft it.
  • July 1940, the U.S. Army Intelligence office denied Einstein the security clearance needed to work on the Manhattan Project. The hundreds of scientists on the project were forbidden from consulting with Einstein, because the left-leaning political activist was deemed a potential security risk.
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  • August 6, 1945 First atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan
  • On August 9, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, Japan, three days after bombing Hiroshima. By the end of 1945, an estimated 200,000 people had died in the two cities.
  • His famous equation E=mc2 explains the energy released in an atomic bomb but doesn't explain how to build one.
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    This website talks about the product of the Manhattan project.  
Gracie M

First Man on the Moon - The History of How Neil Armstrong Became the First Man on the Moon - 0 views

  • 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong
  • On July 19, at 1:28 p.m. EDT, Apollo 11 entered the moon's orbit.
  • July 20, 1969
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  • President John F. Kennedy gave inspiration and hope to the American people in his speech to Congress on May 25, 1961 in which he stated, "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth."
  • At 9:32 a.m. on July 16, 1969, the Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
  • three-day journey to the moon, called the translunar coast.
  • placed the United States ahead of the Soviets in the Space Race and gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration.
  • At 4:18 p.m. EDT on July 20, 1969, the landing module landed on the moon's surface in the Sea of Tranquility with only seconds of fuel left.
  • Armstrong reported to the command center in Houston, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Houston responded, "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again."
  • six-and-a-half hours resting and then preparing themselves for their moon walk.
  • Neil Armstrong was the first person out of the lunar module.
  • set foot on the moon at 10:56 p.m. EDT.
  • "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
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    First moon landing. Neil Armstrong. 
Brielle F

Roaring Twenties - 0 views

  • The use of machinery increased productivity, while decreasing the demand for manual laborers.
    • Brielle F
       
      Useful information about the advancement of technology. I would use another website to get more information about these main topics
  • Science, medicine and health advanced remarkably during the roaring twenties.
  • An interest developed in nutrition, caloric consumption and physical vitality
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  • The discovery of vitamins and their effects also occurred around the same time.
  • The 1920s era went by such names as the Jazz Age, the Age of Intolerance, and the Age of Wonderful Nonsense. Under any moniker, the era embodied the beginning of modern America
  • Early in the 1920s the U.S. raised tariffs on imported goods, and free immigration came to an end.
  • Amendment 18 to the Constitution (1919) had prohibited the manufacture, transport and sale of intoxicating liquor
  • "Flapper"
  • The roaring twenties ushered in a rich period of American writing, distinguished by the works of such authors
  • A uniquely American music form, whose roots lay in African expression, came to be known as jazz.
  • At the beginning of the roaring twenties, the United States was converting from a wartime to peacetime economy. When weapons for World War I were no longer needed, there was a temporary stall in the economy
  • In this decade, America became the richest nation on Earth and a culture of consumerism was born.
  • Technology
  • vital part
  • Henry Ford
  • The radio found its way into virtually every home in America
  • The year 1922 introduced the first movie made with sound
  • Charles A. Lindbergh`s pioneering flight across the Atlantic Ocean in the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927 did much to stimulate the young aviation industry.
  • Canned foods, ready-made clothing and household appliances liberated women from much household drudgery
  • New technology in the roaring twenties introduced a number of impacts on the American farm:
  • For the first time in the United States, more people were living in cities than on farms.
Xavier W

Nelson Mandela Freed From Prison On This Day In History - 0 views

  • On this day, 23 years ago, Nelson Mandela was released from the South African prison where he'd been held for nearly 27 years.
  • In August of 1962 Mandela was arrested, jailed and convicted of leaving the country illegally and inciting workers to strike. He was sentenced to five years in prison, where he remained through June 1964 when he was sentenced to life for his anti-apartheid engagement through the African National Congress (ANC) and the Umkhonto we Sizwe or "MK," the ANC's armed wing. He would spend the next 18 years at the Robben Island penitentiary until 1982, when he was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison on the South African mainland.
  • In 1985, the country's then president, P. W. Botha, offered to free Mandela in exchange for his renunciation of violence as a means of solving the countries racial problems. Mandela refused the offer.
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  • As tension in the country grew, and as countries around the world tightened sanctions against South Africa and its apartheid regime, president F.W. de Klerk eventually relented.
  • On February 11, 1990, Nelson Mandela was finally released from prison.
  • Today, 23 years later, we honor Mandela's lifelong fight for his own freedom and for the freedom of his people, by taking a look back at 23 photos that encapsulate his impact on South Africa, and the world.
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    Nelson Mandela freed from prison 
Nick B

On This Day: Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun Commit Suicide - 0 views

  • On April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler shot himself in the head in his bunker beneath Berlin, moments after Eva Braun, his wife of just one day, killed herself by ingesting cyanide.
  • Adolf Hitler was aware that he would not win the war he had started.
  • “He added that he would never allow himself to be taken prisoner by the Russians but intended to shoot himself.”
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  • “Adolf Hitler sat on the right side of the sofa. His upper body was leaning slightly to the side, with the head slumping down. His forehead and face were very white, and a trickle of blood was flowing down. I saw Eva Braun next to Hitler on the sofa. Her eyes were closed. There was no movement. She had poisoned herself, and appeared to be sleeping.”
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    this website describes Hitler and his wife's death 
Brielle F

19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women\'s Right to Vote - 0 views

  • Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote.
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    paragraph and picture of an official document
Gracie M

Civil Rights Act of 1964 - 0 views

  • 11 June 1963 speech broadcast live on national television and radio, President John F. Kennedy unveiled plans to pursue a comprehensive civil rights bill in Congress, stating, ‘‘this nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free’’
  • King congratulated Kennedy on his speech, calling it ‘‘one of the most eloquent, profound and unequivocal pleas for justice and the freedom of all men ever made by any president’’ (King, 12 June 1963).
  • The bill passed the House of Representatives in mid-February 1964
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  • When the bill finally passed the Senate, King hailed it as one that would ‘‘bring practical relief to the Negro in the South, and will give the Negro in the North a psychological boost that he sorely needs’’ (King, 19 June 1964).
  • On 2 July 1964, Johnson signed the new Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law with King and other civil rights leaders present.
  • created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to address race and sex discrimination in employment and a Community Relations Service to help local communities solve racial disputes; authorized federal intervention to ensure the desegregation of schools, parks, swimming pools, and other public facilities; and restricted the use of literacy tests as a requirement for voter registration.
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    The Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the United States
Paul F

Tangshan - The Deadliest Earthquake - 1 views

  • At 3:42 a.m. on July 28, 1976, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the sleeping cit
  • . The very large earthquake, striking an area where it was totally unexpected, obliterated the city of Tangshan and killed over 240,000 people - making it the deadliest earthquake of the twentieth century.
  • of Tangshan, in northeastern Chin
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  • When the 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Tangshan at 3:42 a.m. on July 28, over a million people lay sleeping, unaware of the disaster that was to befall them. As the earth began to shake, a few people who were awake had the forethought to dive under a table or other heavy piece of furniture, but most were asleep and did not have time. The entire earthquake lasted approximately 14 to 16 seconds.
  • Though 80 percent of the people trapped under rubble were saved, a 7.1 magnitude aftershock that hit in the afternoon of July 28 sealed the fate for many who had been waiting under the rubble for help.
  • After the earthquake hit, 242,419 people lay dead or dying, along with another 164,581 people who were severely injured. In 7,218 households, all members of the family were killed by the earthquake.
Gracie M

Super Bowl History - Super Bowl I - 0 views

  • Green Bay Packers 35 Kansas City Chiefs 10
  • Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers (13-2) against Hank Stram's Chiefs (12-2-1) and was played before 61,946 fans in Los Angeles' 100,000-seat Memorial Coliseum. The television audience for this game is estimated to have been approximately 60 million viewers.
  • Max McGee
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  • McGee was later quoted as saying, "I waddled in about 7:30 in the morning and I could barely stand up for the kickoff. On the bench Paul (Hornung) kept needling me, 'What would you do if you had to play?' And I said, 'No way, there's no way I could make it.'" As fate would have it, Dowler did get hurt early in the game and McGee was suddenly thrust into a game he had no business being in.
  • he caught a 37-yard touchdown pass from Bart Starr to cap off an 80-yard drive that gave the Packers an early lead. On the day, McGee caught seven passes for 138 yards and two touchdowns as the Packers went on to win the first Super Bowl, 35-10.
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    First American Super Bowl
Xavier W

World Trade Center bombed - History.com This Day in History - 2/26/1993 - 0 views

  • At 12:18 p.m., a terrorist bomb explodes in a parking garage of the World Trade Center in New York City, leaving a crater 60 feet wide and causing the collapse of several steel-reinforced concrete floors in the vicinity of the blast. Although the terrorist bomb failed to critically damage the main structure of the skyscrapers, six people were killed and more than 1,000 were injured. The World Trade Center itself suffered more than $500 million in damage. After the attack, authorities evacuated 50,000 people from the buildings, hundreds of whom were suffering from smoke inhalation. The evacuation lasted the whole afternoon.
  • within days several radical Islamic fundamentalists were arrested. In March 1994, Mohammed Salameh, Ahmad Ajaj, Nidal Ayyad, and Mahmoud Abouhalima were convicted by a federal jury for their role in the bombing, and each was sentenced to life in prison.
  • The mastermind of the attack--Ramzi Ahmed Yousef--remained at large until February 1995, when he was arrested in Pakistan. He had previously been in the Philippines, and in a computer he left there were found terrorist plans that included a plot to kill Pope John Paul II and a plan to bomb 15 American airliners in 48 hours.
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    World Trade Center bombing in 1993
Xavier W

'Titanic' is a great film. It's also the movie that gave rise to hater culture | Inside... - 0 views

  • James Cameron’s Titanic is one of the most successful movies of all time, and I have no problem saying that it’s also one of the most beloved movies ever made.
  • What’s special about Titanic is that the backlash happened so quickly, and became so widespread, and grew nearly as mythological as the movie itself. The film was released in December 1997, and a few weeks later, when it started to play around the country to surging, off-the-charts crowds, the voices of dissent had already begun to coalesce. For everyone who adored Titanic, and even (like me) thought that it was a heart-swelling masterpiece of old-fashioned Hollywood audacity, it seemed as if there was someone else who thought it was overrated and overblown.
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    Titanic movie
Brielle F

Our Documents - 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920) - 0 views

  • The 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote.
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    Overview on the creation of the 19th amendment.
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