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During the struggle for civil rights, many brave men and women sacrificed their lives to improve the lives of Americans of all races. Unfortunately, because of lingering institutional racism in the South, the murders of these civil rights workers were not all investigated to their fullest, and quite a few went unsolved. The Federal Bureau of Investigation recently announced its "Civil Rights-Era Cold Case Initiative," to try to identify the next-of-kin of some of the victims of these cases.

From CSI to The Maury Povich Show, DNA and DNA testing has become a part of American popular culture. But what is DNA?\nIn simple terms, DNA is a string of proteins that contain coded blueprints for our bodies. It tells our bodies how to grow. We inherit our DNA from our parents, which is where its genealogical value comes in.

From Sankofa's Slave Data Collection

LA Creole is a New Orleans based non-profit family research organization dedicated to the study of the history and culture of the Creoles of Color of Louisiana through ancestral research, education, and celebration.

Louis Manigault (1828-1899) was a member of a prominent and influential family of rice planters from South Carolina and Georgia. In 1833, his father, Charles Manigault (1795-1874), purchased Gowrie and East Hermitage plantations located on Argyle Island in the Savannah River, several miles upstream from the port of Savannah. Louis managed these properties for his father from the 1850s through the Civil War and Reconstruction.\n\nThe Manigault Plantation Journal, compiled by Louis Manigault between 1856 and 1879, includes information on plantation life, slaves and slavery, rice cultivation, market conditions, accounts, and other topics. Notes and memoranda kept by Charles Manigault regarding the plantations during the 1830s and 1840s were pasted into the journal.

Information about British colonial slave registers

Muster Rolls at Florida History Online

34th Regiment Infantry Organized February 8, 1864, from 2nd South Carolina Colored Infantry. Attached to Montgomery's Brigade, District of Florida, Dept. of the South, February, 1864. 3rd Brigade, Vogdes' Division, District of Florida, Dept. of the South, to April, 1864. Morris Island, S.C., Northern District, Dept. of the South, to June, 1864. District of Beaufort, S.C., Dept. of the South, to August, 1864. District of Florida, Dept. of the South, to October, 1864. 4th Separate Brigade, Dept. of the South, to November, 1864. 1st Brigade, Coast Division, Dept. of the South, to December, 1864. 2nd Brigade, Coast Division, Dept. of the South, to January, 1865. 4th Separate Brigade, District of Florida, Dept. of the South, and Dept. of Florida, to February, 1866. SERVICE.--Provost duty at Jacksonville, Fla., until March 30, 1864. Moved to Palatka, Fla., March 30-31, and to Picolata April 12. Ordered to Folly Island, S.C., April 13, thence to Morris Island, S.C., and duty there, operating against Charleston until May 20. Moved to St. Augustine, Fla., May 20, thence to Tybee Island, S.C., May 22. Expedition to Ashepoo River May 24-27. Action at Ashepoo River May 26. Moved to Hilton Head, S.C., June 30. Expedition to James Island, S.C., July 1-10. Near Winter's Point July 3. King's Creek July 3. Actions on James Island July 3 and 9-10. Burden's Causeway July 9. Return to Jacksonville, Fla., July 31. Expedition to Enterprise August 2-5. Raid on Florida Railroad August 15-18. Action at Gainesville August 17. Duty at Jacksonville, Palatka and Magnolia Springs, Fla., until November. Ordered to Hilton Head, S.C., November 25. Expedition to Boyd's Neck, S.C., November 28-30. Battle of Honey Hill November 30. Expedition to Devaux's Neck December 1-6. Action at Devaux's Neck December 6. Moved to Hilton Head, thence return to Jacksonville, Fla., January, 1865. Duty at Jacksonville and at various points in Florida until February, 1866. Mustered out February 28, 1866.

March 13, 1998 Letters to the Editor St. Augustine.com Soldiers are honored Editor: As a member of the General W.W. Loring Camp, Sons of Confederate Veterans, I would like to thank Mr. G.L. Wilson for his kind comments concerning our recent black heritage ceremony in which we honored black soldiers, both Union and Confederate from St. Augustine. To set the record straight as to who was honored, I would like to state that at our ceremony we honored two black Confederate and seven black Union soldiers who are buried in San Lorenzo Cemetery. There are other black Union soldiers buried at various sites around the county. We placed a rose and the appropriate flag, Confederate or United States, on each soldiers grave. Those present found it to be quite a moving ceremony. Union soldiers honored were: # Pvt. Josua Hagerman, 34th U.S. Colored Infantry # Sgt. Richard Hernandez, 8th U.S. Colored Infantry # Pvt. Toby Mongen, 21st U.S. Colored Infantry # Cpl. David Twine, 33rd U.S. Colored Infantry # Cpl. William Vandyke, 33rd U.S. Colored Infantry # Musician John William Welters, 33rd U.S. Colored Infantry # Cpl. Thomas William, 21st U.S. Colored Infantry Confederate soldiers honored were: # Musicians Emanuel Osburn and Anthony T. Welters, 3rd Florida Infantry There are two other known black Confederates from St. Johns County, however we have been unable to locate their graves. These men are: Pvt. Issac Papino, 3rd Florida Infantry Pvt. Tony Fontane, 3rd Florida Infantry If anyone knows the location of the graves of these two men, I would appreciate hearing from you so that we can properly mark their graves and honor these soldiers of the South. William D. Chisolm Heritage Officer General W.W. Loring Camp 1316 Sons of Confederate Veterans St. Augustine