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Cell manipulation using optical traps was first indicated by Bell Laboratories using visible argon laser light and infrared light. Movement of a micron-sized dielectric particle is convinced by the direct transfer of photon momentum to a non-absorbing particle during refraction and reflection, which is the radiation pressure. The optical force from a high intensity focused Gaussian profile laser has scattering (the process in which electromagnetic radiation or particles are deflected diffused.) and gradient force components, which gives a valid point of stable equilibrium near the beam focus. Particles are trapped being across by the gradient force, while around an axis motion of the particle is controlled by the scattering forces. The wavelength of light (dp>> λ) is less than for cells, ray optics have been used to derive the radiation force from scattering of the incident light momentum.

Electroporation is a microbiology technique where an electrical field is applied to cells to increase the permeability of the cell membrane. It allows chemicals or DNA to be instigated into the cell.

Gene transfer technique is used very frequently both in basic research and applied biology. The delivery of DNA into animal cells is a fundamental and fixed procedure. It has become anecessary tool for gene cloning, the study of gene function and regulation and the production of small amounts of recombinant proteins for analysis and verification. Gene transfer experiment helps to launch the genetic construct (or transgene) in the recipient cells or to disrupt or inactivate particular endogenous genes resulting in a loss of function. There are many utilizations of gene-transfer like large-scale commercial production of recombinant antibodies and vaccines and gene medicine or gene therapy. They range from the use of mammalian and insect cell cultures to transfer of DNA into human patients for the correction or prevention of disease.

Nanoinjection is the process of delivering DNA to a cell through an electrical medium that is being conducted by a medical device termed as a nanoliter injector » or nano injector. The main application of the nano injector is in oocyte injections, neo-cortex injections.