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neurobiologist George Koob, director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), which is leading the effort to bring new, evidence-based treatments to more people.

“We not only use it, we encourage it. If there’s something that can improve your chances of recovery, all the better,” says Joseph Lee, medical director for youth at the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation, which uses naltrexone and acamprosate.

newer behavioral treatments try to empower patients instead, and focus on developing skills to stay sober.

“Over the last 25 to 30 years, much of the neurocircuitry of addiction has been identified,” opening up new targets for interventions, says David Goldman, chief of the NIAAA’s neurogenetics lab

That’s because with every other chronic disease we look at data. With addiction, we believe.

As long as we think of addiction as something a “normal person” has done to himself by using a drug, we will only see it as a temporary abnormality brought on by bad behavior.

The mindset behind this advice is that addiction is really just a long-lasting intoxication that will eventually go away, leaving the person normal again; this is not a true understanding of addiction as a disease.

I found that she had a polymorphism of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR), an enzyme that turns folic acid from our diet into L-methylfolate, the only form that our brains can use. One use for L-methylfolate is as a co-enzyme in two stages of the production of dopamine.

based in biology and developed from essential principles.

“Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.”

We can finally treat addiction like the disease it is in nature.

Howard C. Wetsman, MD, is the Chief Medical Officer of the Townsend Addiction Treatment Centers in Louisiana and the author of Questions and Answers on Addiction.

Enroute, even on a daytime VFR flight, you could encounter haze, smoke, marine layers, or flat light on snow-covered terrain, all of which can cause you to lose reference to the horizon. A fellow up here in Idaho was flying over a frozen, snow-covered lake on a gray day with no horizon and literally flew his plane into the snow. He had no idea how low he was, similar to a glassy-water situation for a seaplane. Fortunately, he was fine, although his plane was totaled.

Weather that is technically VFR but actually marginal can fool you on departure or arrival, as well.

Employee Assistance Program (EAP) called HIMS (Human Intervention Motivation Study)

Should I have told the truth? Should others now tell the truth (at this airline, and industry wide) knowing that they could be destroying (and not ostensibly saving) their own careers?

I was terminated by my airline in September of 2013.

I made the decision to ‘pick the phone up,’ not fly intoxicated, and exchange my intact career for a chance at what was described by HIMS as,”…the right thing to do to salvage your career…,” not knowing then, what I know now, was a decision I would come to regret with increasing frequency.

Unemployed (and now, unemployable)