What makes cooperative learning different from most instructional methods is that it is based on social interdependence theory and the related research. Social interdependence theory provides educators with a conceptual framework for understanding how cooperative learning may be (a) most fruitfully structured, (b) adapted to a wide variety of instructional situations, and (c) applied to a wide range of issues (such as achievement, ethnic integration, and prevention of drug abuse).

There are at least three general theoretical perspectives that have guided research on cooperation--cognitive-developmental, behavioral, and social interdependence. The cognitive developmental perspective is largely based on the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. The work of Piaget and related theorists is based on the premise that when individuals co-operate on the environment, socio-cognitive conflict occurs that creates cognitive disequilibrium, which in turn stimulates perspective-taking ability and cognitive development. The work of Vygotsky and related theorists is based on the premise that knowledge is social, constructed from cooperative efforts to learn, understand, and solve problems.

Kurt Lewin

That is, agency-side audience networks are leveraging the targeting data in which pu

lishers have invested to target and segment audiences across the web.

Question 1: Who owns data?

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Albert Bandura, Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication (

By David Harley, Pierre-Marc Bureau and Andrew Lee Apple's customer-base has rejoined the rest of the user community on the firing line. This paper will compare the view from Apple and the community as a whole with the view from the anti-virus labs of the actual threat landscape.

By David Harley This 1997 paper reviews the shared history of viruses and the Mac, summarizes the 1997 threatscape, and considers possibilities and strategies for the future. It's been made available for historical interest because so many people asked about it at EICAR 2010. First published in Virus Bulletin 1997 Conference Proceedings.*

By Craig Johnston and David Harley This paper looks at the ethical, political and practical issues around the use of "policeware", when law enforcement and other legitimate agencies use "cybersurveillance" techniques based on software that resembles some forms of malware in its modus operandi.