Fourth Grade Chadwick

Greetings to All! Last week the world was just hearing about Hurricane Sandy.  I was in Haiti visiting our companions and discussing work still underway from other large disasters from recent years. The rain was pouring from the time I touched down in the country early Tuesday until I left late Thursday.  Haiti typically gets stints of rain that last a few hours, but a few days?  In the context, a little bit of rain can go far and a lot of rain can destroy people’s livelihoods, health and well-being.  FNGA, partner of the Lutheran World Federation, mobilizing their emergency team. Upon my departure from Haiti, I began to hear stories of towns under water and people missing.  Now, four days after the storm has passed Haiti more accurate information on Sandy’s destruction is known.  Haiti has reported over 50 people dead and many more missing.  For Cuba that was more directly hit by the storm, Sandy is the second deadliest storm to hit the island nation in fifty years killing 11 people.  Elsewhere, Jamaica has confirmed one person dead and the Bahamas two.  The ELCA has been gifted with relationships and networks of actors all around the world that can pull together in times of need.  As we work with our companions to respond to the needs of under-served families devastated by Hurricane Sandy in the Caribbean, we are also in thought of our communities in the US that are bracing for the impact of the storm.  I encourage you to find time in your day to give thought in prayer to those who have already experienced loss and for those that will in the days to come.  Please also participate in the response either through your giving of time, prayer or resources.  Tomorrow we will be issuing an appeal with ways to give and more information about the response of your church, the ELCA. Peace, Megan Bradfield, Director for International Disaster Response

On May 22, 1960, a huge earthquake off the coast of Chile generated tsunami waves that traveled across the Pacific Ocean and reached Japan twenty-three hours later, causing damage and killing 122 people. In Chile itself, the earthquake and tsunami together killed two thousand people, injured three thousand people, and made two million people homeless.

  The outermost layer of our rocky planet is made up of a dozen tectonic plates which constantly move relative to one another at rates of one or several inches per year. The boundaries of these tectonic plates are marked by numerous active faults and earthquakes. When a fault on the ocean floor rapidly moves, it rises or collapses one block of rock against another. This creates an earthquake, disrupts the overlying water, and sends fast moving tsunami waves. Although large undersea earthquakes and water-column displacements are responsible for most tsunamis, there have been tsunami events in which the earthquake occurred on islands or near the coastal areas. It is thus possible that seismic (earthquake-generated) waves traveling along the Earth's surface also play a role in tsunamis, propagating energy from rocks to ocean water.

All along the margin of the Pacific Ocean, there are subduction zones where the denser oceanic plate descends under the lighter continental plate. This has created the Ring of Fire--a circum-Pacific belt of numerous volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Almost 80 percent of tsunamis in the world take place in the Pacific Ocean. However, there are subduction zones in the Indian Ocean and in the Caribbean Sea too; these regions are prone to earthquakes and tsunamis as well. Destructive tsunamis are usually generated by undersea earthquakes with magnitudes exceeding 7 on the Richter scale.