Fintech Daily Digest

Wallet, a third-party cryptocurrency wallet app on Telegram, will impose stricter know your customer (KYC) rules to access all features. Before the update, users did not need to complete any KYC, but they will have to provide their name, birthdate and phone number for "basic" transaction limit levels. "Extended" access will require the user's national identification, and providing the residential address remove all transfer limits. https://wallet.helpscoutdocs.com/article/239-identity-verification

The Bank of Japan (BOJ) held its seventh "CBDC Forum" and published the secretariat's presentation, which Norbert Gehrke kindly summarized in English. The presentation outlines the BOJ's stance on CBDC, delves into the specifics of the proof-of-concept work currently underway, and elaborates on the structure and activities of the CBDC Forum, which involves private sector stakeholders. https://www.boj.or.jp/paym/digital/dig240529b.pdf

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a paper that explores how tokenization through the application of the unified ledger concept could enhance the functioning of correspondent banking by harnessing new technology to address key pain points in cross-border payment chains. It could unlock streamlined pre-screening and atomic settlement, and pave the way for superior customer verification and anti-money laundering (AML) procedures. Also, tokenization could substantially reduce duplication and miscoordination, thereby revitalising cross-border payments by fostering a robust network of correspondents and corridors.

According to Nerdwallet's "2024 State of Consumer Credit Report" buy now, pay later (BNPL) plans are the second-most used form of credit payment among US consumers, with nearly 25% recently using it. BNPL allows people to enter payment agreements at the point of sale, generally without the credit requirements of a credit card or traditional loan, and most often without interest. Among the 2,061 US adults polled in April 2024, 37% of parents of minor children have used BNPL in the past 12 months, compared with 20% of nonparents of minors. And 40% of Gen Z (ages 18-27) and 36% of millennials (ages 28-43) have used BNPL during that time, compared with just 20% of Gen X (ages 44-59) and 12% of baby boomers (ages 60-78). https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/credit-cards/2024-consumer-credit-report

CoinMetrics has published an analysis of the potential Ethereum (ETH) network impact of the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) May 23, 2024 approval of spot ETH exchange traded funds (ETFs). An important condition of the approval was that such ETFs will not be able to stake the tokens, which could shrink circulating supply, and improve the health of Ethereum's consensus layer and the staking ecosystem as a whole.

Crunchfish has recently implemented and patented a novel approach with balance reconciliation. Private transactions are encrypted and sent to the backend, but where the keys used for the transaction are wallet keys, in contrast to prior art using public keys controlled by either the issuer or an escrow agent. In this way the payer is in full control of the privacy of their transactions even if all private transactions are sent to the online ledger encrypted. In this innovative way, regulatory requirements for transactional traceability are balanced with requirements for privacy where the payer is in full control of the encrypted transactional data for amounts below defined thresholds, defined by the issuer and the regulator. If the issuer suspects an attack by the payer, the issuer can contact the payer for permission to decrypt the data. In case the payer is not willing to grant access, the issuer may decide to lock the wallet or disallow any more private transactions.

According to the latest Reserve Bank of India (RBI) data, there was just 800,000 rupees (less than $10,000) wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) outstanding at end-March 2024. The RBI has been piloting wholesale CBDC since November 2022, including for settling government bond secondary market transactions, and interbank lending in call money markets. However, the small numbers could be attributable to banks converting CBDC to central bank reserves to earn interest, or the central bank may be automatically converting them at the end of the day, which is what the Swiss National Bank (SNB) did in the earlier phases of its Project Helvetia experiments. The digital rupee retail CBDC isn't catching fire either, with only 2.34 billion rupees ($28 million) outstanding at end-March 2024, versus 34,778.05 billion rupees of banknotes in circulation. https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/AnnualReportPublications.aspx?year=2024

U.S. President Joe Biden has vetoed congressional resolution H.J. Res.109, which seeks to repeal Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No.121. SAB 121, published in March 2022, makes it prohibitively expensive for U.S. financial institutions to provide crypto-asset custody services by requiring them to consolidate these assets on their balance sheet. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/05/31/a-message-to-the-house-of-representatives-on-the-presidents-veto-of-h-j-res-109/

The Qatar Central Bank (QCB) has completed the development of the infrastructure for its wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) project. In the next phase which will extend to October 2024, the central bank will test and develop selected applications of distributed ledger technology (DLT) based wholesale CBDC to settle large payments with a group of local and international banks in a trial environment. The project will focus on applications that increase access to capital markets for operating banks in the country, enhance domestic settlement, and improve the efficiency of securities transactions.

Chinese news outlets have reported that the digital yuan app no longer carries the 'pilot' label. It dismissed the reason as an administrative one, saying the pilot mode persists. However, even if the digital renminbi is still in pilot mode, we believe this may indicate the central bank digital currency (CBDC) might be nearing the end of its pilot phase and starting preparation for production.

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) will collaborate with several central banks to explore how instant cross-border payments could be improved using a modular foreign exchange component combined with settlement in wholesale central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Project Rialto will explore a new automatic FX settlement layer using wholesale CBDC as a safe settlement asset that could be deployed for interlinked instant payment systems or digital asset systems. Project Rialto is named after the famous bridge in Venice which connects two sides of the Grand Canal.

The National Bank of Rwanda (NBR) is looking to develop its CBDC in the next two years, as part of efforts to streamline the financial system and position Rwanda as an important player in the future global economy. The central bank launched a public consultation in early May 2024 that closes at the end of June 2024, after which about six months of proof of concept work will commence. It looks to have "everything on the table within the next two years". The NBR's preferred option is to have a retail CBDC distributed through banks, but it is also looking at indirect (or "synthetic") CBDC, although the central bank is mindful of the potential bank disintermediation risk under the latter option.

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Project mBridge is accepting value added products and new use cases as it reaches minimum viable product stage (MVP). The project aims to explore multi-central bank digital currency (CBDC) platform shared among participating central banks and commercial banks, built on distributed ledger technology (DLT) to enable instant cross-border payments and settlement. The project was launched in 2021 by the BIS Innovation Hub, in collaboration with the Bank of Thailand, the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, the People's Bank of China and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority. The Saudi Central Bank is now joining mBridge as a full participant. There are also now more than 26 observing members.

The joint Bank of England (BOE) and U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) Digital Securities Sandbox consultation closed on May 29, 2024. Ledger Insights reviewed four sets of feedback representing a wide range of opinions. Two aspects mentioned the most were the lack of discussion of digital payment instrument and volume limits. I would like to provide a link to the actual consultation feedback, but it Looks like Ledger Insights had access to some inside track.

"As part of the Saudi Central Bank's (SAMA) pursuit to build a robust and innovative cross-border payments infrastructure in collaboration with various international financial institutions and central banks, SAMA has joined the Bank for International Settlements' (BIS) mBridge project as a participant in the Minimum Viable Product (MVP) platform."

Norges Bank published the results of a survey, conducted in January and February 2024, on the Norwegian population's awareness, ownership and use of crypto-assets. 96% of the Norwegian population aged 16 and over are aware of crypto-assets. 15% of the population have owned or own crypto-assets, and 11% of the population owned crypto-assets at the time of the survey. 73% of those who know about crypto-assets rate their own knowledge of crypto-assets as "very little" or "quite little". 2 out of 3 current crypto-asset owners have 5% or less of their financial savings in crypto-assets.

Banco Central de Reserva del Perú (BCRP), in collaboration withe the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), signed an agreement with India's National Payments Corporation to implement a retail payments platform in Peru, similar India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) platform. UPI is a real-time payment platform, available 24/7, that allows users to link multiple bank accounts in their mobile applications and pay through cell phone number, QR codes and virtual payment addresses.

The U.S. House of Representatives Financial Services Committee (FSC) hosted a hearing on asset tokenization. All of the witnesses agreed that tokenization can help increase liquidity, enhance price discovery, increase transparency, increase access, enable fractional ownership, among other things. Depending on the nature of a specific asset, however, existing laws or regulations may create uncertainty regarding a person's interest or property rights associated with a tokenized asset. Also, there was some aversion expressed towards tokenization's use of public permissionless blockchains. In any case, some of the witness's written testimonies are well worth reading.

BNY Mellon, Goldman Sachs and HSBC have successfully passed the €1 billion notional milestone in outstanding agency securities lending transactions using the HQLAX distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform. HQLAX creates digital collateral records (DCRs) to effect the simultaneous ownership exchange of loan identifiers (ISINS) and triparty collateral on a delivery vs delivery (DvD) basis. This eliminates intraday exposure and associated credit risk identified in most current collateral settlement practices.

The Bank of Korea (BOK) published a paper on the macroeconomic impact of introducing retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). What sets this paper apart from the many other papers that focus on the same question is that it pays more attention to the precise bank-issued instruments that the CBDC competes with - non-interest-bearing demand deposits and interest-bearing savings and term deposits. CBDC directly competes with physical cash and debit, but only indirectly with demand deposits. According to the paper's theoretical model, CBDC introduction can lead to significant negative impact on demand deposit holdings, but this is accompanied by offsetting increases in holdings of interest-bearing deposits. This implies that the efficacy of CBDC on output and welfare, if any, is quantitatively only marginal, relative to the findings in the previous studies with only one type of deposit.