Fintech Daily Digest

"Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have always been polarizing, even within the world of economics and finance. This divisiveness, which often pits the crypto faithful against skeptical experts from traditional finance, is unfortunate. Both sides can learn a great deal from each other. One of us is a Director General at the European Central Bank with a focus on payment systems and market infrastructure. This past February Ulrich and a colleague published a viral blog post on the ECB website questioning whether Bitcoin had any fundamental value and listing other reasons to be skeptical of its promise as currency. The blog post was a follow-up to an initial critique on the same blog written by Ulrich and his colleague back in 2022."

"The HSBC gold token is undoubtedly a pioneering product working around complex market structures and regulations. However, its multi-layered structure brings legal, financial, and technical risks and constraints, potentially limiting the benefits and appeal of such tokenized assets."

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has introduced cryptocurrency-related amendments to the Payment Services Act, focusing on digital payment token (DPT) service providers, including guidelines for digital asset custody. Under the new guidance, customers' digital assets held in trust must be segregated from the assets of the service provider, and at least 90% of customer assets must be stored offline in cold wallets. The guidelines also mandate that service providers prevent retail customers from engaging in activities like pledging, lending, or staking their digital assets. https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2024/mas-expands-scope-of-regulated-payment-services

The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia conducted a survey in October 2022 in which it asked consumers about their interest in retail central bank digital currency (CBDC). 52.6% of respondents said they would possibly use a digital dollar, but widespread consumer adoption will require that the product does not require fees to access or use (63.5% of respondents who would possibly use a digital dollar), be accepted widely in the marketplace (57.3%), provides high levels of security and privacy for consumers (42.0%), and bear interest (39.2%). At the same time, not all consumers were confident they could render an opinion about a CBDC.

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) together with seven central banks will explore how tokenization of wholesale central bank money and commercial bank deposits on programmable platforms can improve the monetary system. Project Agorá's primary area of exploration will be to increase the speed and integrity of international payments, while lowering costs by building on the BIS's proposed unified ledger concept. The BIS will issue a call for expressions of interest to private financial institutions, with the Institute of International Finance (IIF) acting as the intermediary and convener, to join the project.

The Bank of England (BoE) and U.K. Financial Conduct Authority published a consultation paper proposing to implement and operate a Digital Securities Sandbox (DSS). The DSS will allow firms to use developing technology, such as distributed ledger technology (DLT), in the issuance, trading and settlement of securities such as shares and bonds. Firms that successfully apply for the DSS will be able to operate under a set of rules and regulations that has been modified to facilitate this. The DSS lasts for five years and will help regulators design a permanent technology friendly regime for the securities market.

Ripple plans to launch a stablecoin pegged to the U.S. dollar across the Ethereum and XRP Ledger blockchains. They will be fully backed by U.S. dollar deposits, short-term U.S. government treasuries, and "other cash equivalents. Ripple will provide monthly attestations of its holdings that back the stablecoin, which will be audited by a third-party accounting firm. It is expected to be available later this year, subject to applicable regulatory approval.

The European Central Bank (ECB) published the list of the first institutions to participate in its trials of the settlement of wholesale transactions on distributed ledger technology (DLT) based platforms using central bank money. The list is comprised of five central banks, ten institutions, six market DLT operators and five central banks. The trials will involve real transactions as well as mock simulations, with most of the tests focusing on securities settlement. There also plans to consider use cases for payment versus payment (FX) and cross border payment. Three settlement solutions are part of the trials, provided by the central banks of Germany (RTGS-based "trigger" solution), France (wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) solution) and Italy (TIPS Hashlink solution). https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/intro/news/html/ecb.mipnews240403.en.html

Bhutan's government investment arm, Druk Holding & Investments, and Bitdeer Technologies Group are planning a six-fold ramp up of their Bitcoin mining operation to help offset the revenue impact of the upcoming "halving". The planned hardware upgrades will increase Bhutan's mining capacity by 500 megawatts by the first half of 2025.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) plans to its make e-rupee central bank digital currency (CBDC) accessible to a broader segment of users by enabling non-bank payment system operators to offer CBDC wallets. Such non-bank payment system operators, include third-party payment app providers like PhonePe, Google Pay and Paytm. This expansion will facilitate testing of the resiliency of CBDC platform to handle multi-channel transactions, and hopefully help lift underwhelming transaction volumes. https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=57638

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) launched a new "structured" currency called "Zimbabwe Gold" (ZiG) that will be anchored to a weighted value of the central bank's precious metal (mainly gold) and foreign currency reserves. As of April 5, 2024, the RBZ had reserve assets of US$100 million in cash and 2,522 kgs of gold (US$185 million) to back the entire local currency component of reserve money which stood at ZW$2.6 trillion (US$90 million). ZiG notes and coins shall be issued in denominations made up of 1ZiG, 2ZiG, 5ZiG, 10ZiG, 20Zig, 50ZiG, 100ZiG, and 200ZiG, but no mention is made of what becomes of the ZiG (now GBDT) wallets, assuming such wallets ever existed.

The IMF published a paper that uses raw Bitcoin data covering both on-chain (on the Bitcoin blockchain) and off-chain (outside the Bitcoin blockchain) transactions globally to gain a better understanding of cross-border Bitcoin flows. It finds that Bitcoin cross-border flows respond differently than capital flows to traditional drivers of capital flows, and differences appear between on-chain and off-chain Bitcoin cross-border flows. Off-chain cross-border flows seem correlated with incentives to avoid capital flow restrictions.

The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) is reportedly embarking on a study on the use of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) as part of its Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda (HGER). The NBE is set to initiate the study in June 2024 under the macroeconomic team led by Girma Birru, according to the latest HGER detail matrix covering three years leading up to 2026.

Clearstream, Deutsche Börse Group's post-trade business, joins the European Central Bank (ECB) trials and experiments, aimed at exploring the potential of distributed-ledger technology (DLT) for wholesale central bank money settlement. Clearstream aims to assess the feasibility of using DLT for wholesale transaction processing, using tokenized securities, including conducting euro-denominated issuance and delivery-versus-payment (DvP) transactions across different use-cases and payment models. Three solutions will be tested by the central banks of Germany (Trigger solution), France (wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC)) and Italy (TIPS Hashlink).

"This paper aims to focus, in particular, on two complementary and co-related aspects involving CBCDs: (i) how can the full digitalisation and centralisation of the transaction ledger be combined with privacy and (ii) to what extent CBDCs affect the allocation of burden and the responsibility over supervision of retail transactions. Eminently, the use of cash ensures a form of default privacy that protects the individual against State and private intrusion. While this privacy has caused concern, due to its criminogenic potential, and has been consequently limited by anti-money laundering (AML) regulations, the remaining cone of shadow cash guarantees is a crucial limit to control. In the context of a shifting financial system, undergoing deep transformation due to increasing datafication and decentralisation of the market, a new governance of financial supervision and record-keeping-up to now based on a unique and centralised ledger-is crucial to redefine the trade-off between financial integrity and privacy. This article will examine the origins and characteristics of CBDCs, to then analyse how the trade-off between control and privacy is set to reshape this new architecture."

LCH SA has received the required regulatory approval from the French national competent authorities (ACPR, Banque de France and AMF) and European supervisory authorities (EMIR College, ESMA) to clear cash-settled Bitcoin index futures and options contracts. LCH SA will provide clearing services through its new dedicated service, LCH DigitalAssetClear, for these contracts traded on the UK FCA regulated digital asset derivatives trading venue, GFO-X. LCH DigitalAssetClear is underpinned by a segregated default fund, tailored risk management model and dedicated set of clearing rules. LCH SA plans to launch the clearing service later in 2024.

The ECB's Ulrich Bindseil con-authored a paper that argues that macroeconomic models of CBDC often start from an early CBDC narrative which is no longer in line with the one of central banks actually working on CBDC. These include not accounting for design features communicated by central banks, such as no-remuneration, quantity limits, access restrictions, and automated sweeping functionality linking CBDC wallets with commercial bank accounts. Also, they do not explain well enough the difference between CBDC and banknotes within their macro-economic models, apart from remuneration.

Brunei Darussalam Central Bank (BDCB) and Bank of the Lao PDR (BOL) have officially joined the ASEAN Regional Payment Connectivity (RPC). The group now has eight member countries. RPC is an initiative that aims to promote, faster, cheaper, more transparent, and more inclusive cross-border payments through, among others, quick response (QR) code-based payment and fast payment modalities.

Swiss National Bank (SNB) Chair Thomas Jordan provided an update on the central bank's central bank digital currency (CBDC) experiments and thinking. Firstly, the SNB's position remains that there is no need for a Swiss retail CBDC because digital payment requirements are already satisfied, and there are possibly far-reaching consequences for the financial system. However, the SNB continues to advance its wholesale CBDC work aimed at settling tokenized securities on the SIX Digital Exchange (SIX) platform. He also called attention to the unusual approach of issuing the CBDC on a third-party (i.e., SDX) platform. However, as pointed out by Ledger Insights, SIX also operates the Swiss real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system, so a trust relationship already exists. However, the SNB is also evaluating other options for tokenized securities settlement, such as the RTGS "trigger" solutions being tested by the European Central Bank in its wholesale CBDC experiments. https://www.snb.ch/en/publications/communication/speeches/2024/ref_20240408_tjn

Bank of Russia Governor Elvira Nabiullina provided an update on its digital ruble pilot to the State Duma. A serious scaling will happen no earlier than 2025, depending on how the pilot is going, and after that, it will take five to seven years to become a mass product. The Governor said that "this will be a natural process, because the choice of the people themselves, the business, is fundamental, it should be convenient for them.